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Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water 期刊论文
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2020, 117 (29) : 16898-16907
作者:  Gibson, Jacqueline MacDonald;  Fisher, Michael;  Clonch, Allison;  MacDonald, John M.;  Cook, Philip J.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:26/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/09
drinking water  private well  children'  s health  lead exposure  blood lead  
A remnant planetary core in the hot-Neptune desert 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 583 (7814) : 39-+
作者:  David J. Armstrong;  Thé;  o A. Lopez;  Vardan Adibekyan;  Richard A. Booth;  Edward M. Bryant;  Karen A. Collins;  Magali Deleuil;  Alexandre Emsenhuber;  Chelsea X. Huang;  George W. King;  Jorge Lillo-Box;  Jack J. Lissauer;  Elisabeth Matthews;  Olivier Mousis;  Louise D. Nielsen;  Hugh Osborn;  Jon Otegi;  Nuno C. Santos;  ;  rgio G. Sousa;  Keivan G. Stassun;  Dimitri Veras;  Carl Ziegler;  Jack S. Acton;  Jose M. Almenara;  David R. Anderson;  David Barrado;  Susana C. C. Barros;  Daniel Bayliss;  Claudia Belardi;  Francois Bouchy;  ;  sar Briceñ;  o;  Matteo Brogi;  David J. A. Brown;  Matthew R. Burleigh;  Sarah L. Casewell;  Alexander Chaushev;  David R. Ciardi;  Kevin I. Collins;  Knicole D. Coló;  n;  Benjamin F. Cooke;  Ian J. M. Crossfield;  Rodrigo F. Dí;  az;  Elisa Delgado Mena;  Olivier D. S. Demangeon;  Caroline Dorn;  Xavier Dumusque;  Philipp Eigmü;  ller;  Michael Fausnaugh;  Pedro Figueira;  Tianjun Gan;  Siddharth Gandhi;  Samuel Gill;  Erica J. Gonzales;  Michael R. Goad;  Maximilian N. Gü;  nther;  Ravit Helled;  Saeed Hojjatpanah;  Steve B. Howell;  James Jackman;  James S. Jenkins;  Jon M. Jenkins;  Eric L. N. Jensen;  Grant M. Kennedy;  David W. Latham;  Nicholas Law;  Monika Lendl;  Michael Lozovsky;  Andrew W. Mann;  Maximiliano Moyano;  James McCormac;  Farzana Meru;  Christoph Mordasini;  Ares Osborn;  Don Pollacco;  Didier Queloz;  Liam Raynard;  George R. Ricker;  Pamela Rowden;  Alexandre Santerne;  Joshua E. Schlieder;  Sara Seager;  Lizhou Sha;  Thiam-Guan Tan;  Rosanna H. Tilbrook;  Eric Ting;  Sté;  phane Udry;  Roland Vanderspek;  Christopher A. Watson;  Richard G. West;  Paul A. Wilson;  Joshua N. Winn;  Peter Wheatley;  Jesus Noel Villasenor;  Jose I. Vines;  Zhuchang Zhan
收藏  |  浏览/下载:20/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/06

The interiors of giant planets remain poorly understood. Even for the planets in the Solar System, difficulties in observation lead to large uncertainties in the properties of planetary cores. Exoplanets that have undergone rare evolutionary processes provide a route to understanding planetary interiors. Planets found in and near the typically barren hot-Neptune '  desert'  (1,2)(a region in mass-radius space that contains few planets) have proved to be particularly valuable in this regard. These planets include HD149026b(3), which is thought to have an unusually massive core, and recent discoveries such as LTT9779b(4)and NGTS-4b(5), on which photoevaporation has removed a substantial part of their outer atmospheres. Here we report observations of the planet TOI-849b, which has a radius smaller than Neptune'  s but an anomalously large mass of39.1-2.6+2.7Earth masses and a density of5.2-0.8+0.7grams per cubic centimetre, similar to Earth'  s. Interior-structure models suggest that any gaseous envelope of pure hydrogen and helium consists of no more than3.9-0.9+0.8 per cent of the total planetary mass. The planet could have been a gas giant before undergoing extreme mass loss via thermal self-disruption or giant planet collisions, or it could have avoided substantial gas accretion, perhaps through gap opening or late formation(6). Although photoevaporation rates cannot account for the mass loss required to reduce a Jupiter-like gas giant, they can remove a small (a few Earth masses) hydrogen and helium envelope on timescales of several billion years, implying that any remaining atmosphere on TOI-849b is likely to be enriched by water or other volatiles from the planetary interior. We conclude that TOI-849b is the remnant core of a giant planet.


Observations of TOI-849b reveal a radius smaller than Neptune'  s but a large mass of about 40 Earth masses, indicating that the planet is the remnant core of a gas giant.


  
Cancer diagnosis 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 579 (7800) : S1-S1
作者:  Cyranoski, David
收藏  |  浏览/下载:11/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Detecting tumours earlier and more precisely could lead to more effective treatment.


Detecting tumours earlier and more precisely could lead to more effective treatment.


  
Not all driver mutations are equal 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7805) : 595-596
作者:  Legendre, Lucas J.;  Rubilar-Rogers, David;  Musser, Grace M.;  Davis, Sarah N.;  Otero, Rodrigo A.;  Vargas, Alexander O.;  Clarke, Julia A.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:12/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

A study of cancer-associated mutations in normal endometrial glands of the uterus has now been performed using whole-genome sequencing. The analysis sheds light on the early changes that lead to invasive disease.


  
Strain engineering and epitaxial stabilization of halide perovskites 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 577 (7789) : 209-+
作者:  Chen, Yimu;  Lei, Yusheng;  Li, Yuheng;  Yu, Yugang;  Cai, Jinze;  Chiu, Ming-Hui;  Rao, Rahul;  Gu, Yue;  Wang, Chunfeng;  Choi, Woojin;  Hu, Hongjie;  Wang, Chonghe;  Li, Yang;  Song, Jiawei;  Zhang, Jingxin;  Qi, Baiyan;  Lin, Muyang;  Zhang, Zhuorui;  Islam, Ahmad E.;  Maruyama, Benji;  Dayeh, Shadi;  Li, Lain-Jong;  Yang, Kesong;  Lo, Yu-Hwa;  Xu, Sheng
收藏  |  浏览/下载:28/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Strain engineering is a powerful tool with which to enhance semiconductor device performance(1,2). Halide perovskites have shown great promise in device applications owing to their remarkable electronic and optoelectronic properties(3-5). Although applying strain to halide perovskites has been frequently attempted, including using hydrostatic pressurization(6-8), electrostriction(9), annealing(10-12), van der Waals force(13), thermal expansion mismatch(14), and heat-induced substrate phase transition(15), the controllable and device-compatible strain engineering of halide perovskites by chemical epitaxy remains a challenge, owing to the absence of suitable lattice-mismatched epitaxial substrates. Here we report the strained epitaxial growth of halide perovskite single-crystal thin films on lattice-mismatched halide perovskite substrates. We investigated strain engineering of a-formamidinium lead iodide (alpha-FAPbI(3)) using both experimental techniques and theoretical calculations. By tailoring the substrate composition-and therefore its lattice parameter-a compressive strain as high as 2.4 per cent is applied to the epitaxial alpha-FAPbI(3) thin film. We demonstrate that this strain effectively changes the crystal structure, reduces the bandgap and increases the hole mobility of alpha-FAPbI(3). Strained epitaxy is also shown to have a substantial stabilization effect on the alpha-FAPbI(3) phase owing to the synergistic effects of epitaxial stabilization and strain neutralization. As an example, strain engineering is applied to enhance the performance of an alpha-FAPbI(3)-based photodetector.


  
Archimedean lattices emerge in template-directed eutectic solidification 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 577 (7790) : 355-+
作者:  Subbaraman, Nidhi;  Viglione, Giuliana
收藏  |  浏览/下载:9/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Template-directed assembly has been shown to yield a broad diversity of highly ordered mesostructures(1),(2), which in a few cases exhibit symmetries not present in the native material(3-5). However, this technique has not yet been applied to eutectic materials, which underpin many modern technologies ranging from high-performance turbine blades to solder alloys. Here we use directional solidification of a simple AgCl-KCl lamellar eutectic material within a pillar template to show that interactions of the material with the template lead to the emergence of a set of microstructures that are distinct from the eutectic'  s native lamellar structure and the template'  s hexagonal lattice structure. By modifying the solidification rate of this material-template system, trefoil, quatrefoil, cinquefoil and hexafoil mesostructures with submicrometre-size features are realized. Phase-field simulations suggest that these mesostructures appear owing to constraints imposed on diffusion by the hexagonally arrayed pillar template. We note that the trefoil and hexafoil patterns resemble Archimedean honeycomb and square-hexagonal-dodecagonal lattices(6), respectively. We also find that by using monolayer colloidal crystals as templates, a variety of eutectic mesostructures including trefoil and hexafoil are observed, the former resembling the Archimedean kagome lattice. Potential emerging applications for the structures provided by templated eutectics include non-reciprocal metasurfaces(7), magnetic spin-ice systems(8,9), and micro- and nano-lattices with enhanced mechanical properties(10,11).


  
Metallic glasses that harden under strain 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 578 (7796) : 521-522
作者:  Keller, Andreas J.;  Roth, Morgane M.;  Scanziani, Massimo
收藏  |  浏览/下载:10/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

A process that reduces the risk of metallic glasses failing under stress.


Metallic glasses are much stronger than conventional metals, but form certain instabilities under stress that lead to fracture. A process known as rejuvenation has been shown to solve this problem.


  
A dominant autoinflammatory disease caused by non-cleavable variants of RIPK1 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 577 (7788) : 109-+
作者:  Tao, Panfeng;  Sun, Jinqiao;  Wu, Zheming;  Wang, Shihao;  Wang, Jun;  Li, Wanjin;  Pan, Heling;  Bai, Renkui;  Zhang, Jiahui;  Wang, Ying;  Lee, Pui Y.;  Ying, Wenjing;  Zhou, Qinhua;  Hou, Jia;  Wang, Wenjie;  Sun, Bijun;  Yang, Mi;  Liu, Danru;  Fang, Ran;  Han, Huan;  Yang, Zhaohui;  Huang, Xin;  Li, Haibo;  Deuitch, Natalie;  Zhang, Yuan;  Dissanayake, Dilan;  Haude, Katrina;  McWalter, Kirsty;  Roadhouse, Chelsea;  MacKenzie, Jennifer J.;  Laxer, Ronald M.;  Aksentijevich, Ivona;  Yu, Xiaomin;  Wang, Xiaochuan;  Yuan, Junying;  Zhou, Qing
收藏  |  浏览/下载:28/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Activation of RIPK1 controls TNF-mediated apoptosis, necroptosis and inflammatory pathways(1). Cleavage of human and mouse RIPK1 after residues D324 and D325, respectively, by caspase-8 separates the RIPK1 kinase domain from the intermediate and death domains. The D325A mutation in mouse RIPK1 leads to embryonic lethality during mouse development(2,3). However, the functional importance of blocking caspase-8-mediated cleavage of RIPK1 on RIPK1 activation in humans is unknown. Here we identify two families with variants in RIPK1 (D324V and D324H) that lead to distinct symptoms of recurrent fevers and lymphadenopathy in an autosomaldominant manner. Impaired cleavage of RIPK1 D324 variants by caspase-8 sensitized patients'  peripheral blood mononuclear cells to RIPK1 activation, apoptosis and necroptosis induced by TNF. The patients showed strong RIPK1-dependent activation of inflammatory signalling pathways and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared with unaffected controls. Furthermore, we show that expression of the RIPK1 mutants D325V or D325H in mouse embryonic fibroblasts confers not only increased sensitivity to RIPK1 activation-mediated apoptosis and necroptosis, but also induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF. By contrast, patient-derived fibroblasts showed reduced expression of RIPK1 and downregulated production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in resistance to necroptosis and ferroptosis. Together, these data suggest that human non-cleavable RIPK1 variants promote activation of RIPK1, and lead to an autoinflammatory disease characterized by hypersensitivity to apoptosis and necroptosis and increased inflammatory response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as a compensatory mechanism to protect against several pro-death stimuli in fibroblasts.


  
Lineage dynamics of the endosymbiotic cell type in the soft coralXenia 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020
作者:  Lewnard, Joseph A.;  Lo, Nathan C.;  Arinaminpathy, Nimalan;  Frost, Isabel;  Laxminarayan, Ramanan
收藏  |  浏览/下载:14/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Many corals harbour symbiotic dinoflagellate algae. The algae live inside coral cells in a specialized membrane compartment known as the symbiosome, which shares the photosynthetically fixed carbon with coral host cells while host cells provide inorganic carbon to the algae for photosynthesis(1). This endosymbiosis-which is critical for the maintenance of coral reef ecosystems-is increasingly threatened by environmental stressors that lead to coral bleaching (that is, the disruption of endosymbiosis), which in turn leads to coral death and the degradation of marine ecosystems(2). The molecular pathways that orchestrate the recognition, uptake and maintenance of algae in coral cells remain poorly understood. Here we report the chromosome-level genome assembly of aXeniaspecies of fast-growing soft coral(3), and use this species as a model to investigate coral-alga endosymbiosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified 16 cell clusters, including gastrodermal cells and cnidocytes, inXeniasp. We identified the endosymbiotic cell type, which expresses a distinct set of genes that are implicated in the recognition, phagocytosis and/or endocytosis, and maintenance of algae, as well as in the immune modulation of host coral cells. By couplingXeniasp. regeneration and single-cell RNA sequencing, we observed a dynamic lineage progression of the endosymbiotic cells. The conserved genes associated with endosymbiosis that are reported here may help to reveal common principles by which different corals take up or lose their endosymbionts.


  
The CDK inhibitor CR8 acts as a molecular glue degrader that depletes cyclin K 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020
作者:  Chen, Guorui;  Sharpe, Aaron L.;  Fox, Eli J.;  Zhang, Ya-Hui;  Wang, Shaoxin;  Jiang, Lili;  Lyu, Bosai;  Li, Hongyuan;  Watanabe, Kenji;  Taniguchi, Takashi;  Shi, Zhiwen;  Senthil, T.;  Goldhaber-Gordon, David;  Zhang, Yuanbo;  Wang, Feng
收藏  |  浏览/下载:44/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CR8 acts as a molecular glue compound by inducing the formation of a complex between CDK12-cyclin K and DDB1, which results in the ubiquitination and degradation of cyclin K.


Molecular glue compounds induce protein-protein interactions that, in the context of a ubiquitin ligase, lead to protein degradation(1). Unlike traditional enzyme inhibitors, these molecular glue degraders act substoichiometrically to catalyse the rapid depletion of previously inaccessible targets(2). They are clinically effective and highly sought-after, but have thus far only been discovered serendipitously. Here, through systematically mining databases for correlations between the cytotoxicity of 4,518 clinical and preclinical small molecules and the expression levels of E3 ligase components across hundreds of human cancer cell lines(3-5), we identify CR8-a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor(6)-as a compound that acts as a molecular glue degrader. The CDK-bound form of CR8 has a solvent-exposed pyridyl moiety that induces the formation of a complex between CDK12-cyclin K and the CUL4 adaptor protein DDB1, bypassing the requirement for a substrate receptor and presenting cyclin K for ubiquitination and degradation. Our studies demonstrate that chemical alteration of surface-exposed moieties can confer gain-of-function glue properties to an inhibitor, and we propose this as a broader strategy through which target-binding molecules could be converted into molecular glues.