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Feeding-dependent VIP neuron-ILC3 circuit regulates the intestinal barrier 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 579 (7800) : 575-+
作者:  Bhaduri, Aparna;  Andrews, Madeline G.;  Mancia Leon, Walter;  Jung, Diane;  Shin, David;  Allen, Denise;  Jung, Dana;  Schmunk, Galina;  Haeussler, Maximilian;  Salma, Jahan;  Pollen, Alex A.;  Nowakowski, Tomasz J.;  Kriegstein, Arnold R.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:53/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The intestinal mucosa serves both as a conduit for the uptake of food-derived nutrients and microbiome-derived metabolites, and as a barrier that prevents tissue invasion by microorganisms and tempers inflammatory responses to the myriad contents of the lumen. How the intestine coordinates physiological and immune responses to food consumption to optimize nutrient uptake while maintaining barrier functions remains unclear. Here we show in mice how a gut neuronal signal triggered by food intake is integrated with intestinal antimicrobial and metabolic responses that are controlled by type-3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3)(1-3). Food consumption rapidly activates a population of enteric neurons that express vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)(4). Projections of VIP-producing neurons (VIPergic neurons) in the lamina propria are in close proximity to clusters of ILC3 that selectively express VIP receptor type 2 (VIPR2  also known as VPAC2). Production of interleukin (IL)-22 by ILC3, which is upregulated by the presence of commensal microorganisms such as segmented filamentous bacteria(5-7), is inhibited upon engagement of VIPR2. As a consequence, levels of antimicrobial peptide derived from epithelial cells are reduced but the expression of lipid-binding proteins and transporters is increased(8). During food consumption, the activation of VIPergic neurons thus enhances the growth of segmented filamentous bacteria associated with the epithelium, and increases lipid absorption. Our results reveal a feeding- and circadian-regulated dynamic neuroimmune circuit in the intestine that promotes a trade-off between innate immune protection mediated by IL-22 and the efficiency of nutrient absorption. Modulation of this pathway may therefore be effective for enhancing resistance to enteropathogens(2,3,9) and for the treatment of metabolic diseases.


Feeding controls a neuroimmune circuit comprising VIP-producing neurons and type-3 innate lymphoid cells that helps to regulate the efficiency of nutrient uptake and IL-22-mediated immune protection in the intestine.


  
The structure of human thyroglobulin 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 578 (7796) : 627-+
作者:  Golub, Eyal;  Subramanian, Rohit H.;  Esselborn, Julian;  Alberstein, Robert G.;  Bailey, Jake B.;  Chiong, Jerika A.;  Yan, Xiaodong;  Booth, Timothy;  Baker, Timothy S.;  Tezcan, F. Akif
收藏  |  浏览/下载:23/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The cryo-electron microscopy structure of human thyroglobulin reveals that proximity, flexibility and solvent exposure are key characteristics of its hormonogenic tyrosine pairs, and provides a framework for understanding the formation of thyroid hormones.


Thyroglobulin (TG) is the protein precursor of thyroid hormones, which are essential for growth, development and the control of metabolism in vertebrates(1,2). Hormone synthesis from TG occurs in the thyroid gland via the iodination and coupling of pairs of tyrosines, and is completed by TG proteolysis(3). Tyrosine proximity within TG is thought to enable the coupling reaction but hormonogenic tyrosines have not been clearly identified, and the lack of a three-dimensional structure of TG has prevented mechanistic understanding(4). Here we present the structure of full-length human thyroglobulin at a resolution of approximately 3.5 angstrom, determined by cryo-electron microscopy. We identified all of the hormonogenic tyrosine pairs in the structure, and verified them using site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro hormone-production assays using human TG expressed in HEK293T cells. Our analysis revealed that the proximity, flexibility and solvent exposure of the tyrosines are the key characteristics of hormonogenic sites. We transferred the reaction sites from TG to an engineered tyrosine donor-acceptor pair in the unrelated bacterial maltose-binding protein (MBP), which yielded hormone production with an efficiency comparable to that of TG. Our study provides a framework to further understand the production and regulation of thyroid hormones.


  
Hidden diversity of vacancy networks in Prussian blue analogues 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 578 (7794) : 256-+
作者:  Hendrickx, N. W.;  Franke, D. P.;  Sammak, A.;  Scappucci, G.;  Veldhorst, M.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:28/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are a diverse family of microporous inorganic solids, known for their gas storage ability(1), metal-ion immobilization(2), proton conduction(3), and stimuli-dependent magnetic(4,5), electronic(6) and optical(7) properties. This family of materials includes the double-metal cyanide catalysts(8,9) and the hexacyanoferrate/ hexacyanomanganate battery materials(10,11). Central to the various physical properties of PBAs is their ability to reversibly transport mass, a process enabled by structural vacancies. Conventionally presumed to be random(12,13), vacancy arrangements are crucial because they control micropore-network characteristics, and hence the diffusivity and adsorption profiles(14,15). The long-standing obstacle to characterizing the vacancy networks of PBAs is the inaccessibility of single crystals(16). Here we report the growth of single crystals of various PBAs and the measurement and interpretation of their X-ray diffuse scattering patterns. We identify a diversity of non-random vacancy arrangements that is hidden from conventional crystallographic powder analysis. Moreover, we explain this unexpected phase complexity in terms of a simple microscopic model that is based on local rules of electroneutrality and centrosymmetry. The hidden phase boundaries that emerge demarcate vacancynetwork polymorphs with very different micropore characteristics. Our results establish a foundation for correlated defect engineering in PBAs as a means of controlling storage capacity, anisotropy and transport efficiency.


  
Long-term physiological and growth responses of Himalayan fir to environmental change are mediated by mean climate 期刊论文
GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, 2019
作者:  Panthi, Shankar;  Fan, Ze-Xin;  van der Sleen, Peter;  Zuidema, Pieter A.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:23/0  |  提交时间:2020/02/17
central Himalaya  climate change  elevation gradients  high-elevation forests  Himalayan fir (Abies spectabilis)  intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE)  long-term growth trends  tree rings  
Ecologically distinct pine species show differential root development after outplanting in response to nursery nutrient cultivation 期刊论文
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, 2019, 451
作者:  Toca, Andrei;  Oliet, Juan A.;  Villar-Salvador, Pedro;  Martinez Catalan, Rodrigo A.;  Jacobs, Douglass F.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:24/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Root growth dynamics  Nitrogen use efficiency  Rhizotron  Root architecture  Root plasticity  Specific root length  
Temperature and production efficiency growth: empirical evidence 期刊论文
CLIMATIC CHANGE, 2019, 156: 209-229
作者:  Kumar, Surender;  Khanna, Madhu
收藏  |  浏览/下载:17/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Temperature  Production efficiency growth  Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA)  Non-linear effects  
Trends and controls on water-use efficiency of an old-growth coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest 期刊论文
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2019, 14 (7)
作者:  Jiang, Yueyang;  Still, Christopher J.;  Rastogi, Bharat;  Page, Gerald F. M.;  Wharton, Sonia;  Meinzer, Frederick C.;  Voelker, Steven;  Kim, John B.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:12/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
water-use efficiency  carbon and water fluxes  old-growth coniferous forest  drought  climatic change  
Economic growth, efficiency and environmental elasticity for the G7 countries 期刊论文
ENERGY POLICY, 2019, 130: 355-360
作者:  Bampatsou, Christina;  Halkos, George
收藏  |  浏览/下载:19/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Efficiency  Growth  Environmental elasticity  Marginal effects  G7  
Growth patterns and effects of urban micro-climate on two physiologically contrasting urban tree species 期刊论文
LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING, 2019, 183: 88-99
作者:  Moser-Reischl, Astrid;  Rahman, Mohammad A.;  Pauleit, Stephan;  Pretzsch, Hans;  Roetzer, Thomas
收藏  |  浏览/下载:17/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/09
Drought  Transpiration  Urban tree growth  Robinia pseudoacacia  Tilia cordata  Water use efficiency  
Improvement of Russian energy efficiency strategy within the framework of "green economy" concept (based on the analysis of experience of foreign countries) 期刊论文
ENERGY POLICY, 2019, 125: 478-486
作者:  Matraeva, Lilia;  Solodukha, Petr;  Erokhin, Sergey;  Babenko, Maria
收藏  |  浏览/下载:34/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/09
"Green economics"  Green growth  Energy saving  Energy efficiency  Low-carbon economy  Environmental efficiency