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Not all driver mutations are equal 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7805) : 595-596
作者:  Legendre, Lucas J.;  Rubilar-Rogers, David;  Musser, Grace M.;  Davis, Sarah N.;  Otero, Rodrigo A.;  Vargas, Alexander O.;  Clarke, Julia A.
收藏  |  浏览/下载：12/0  |  提交时间：2020/07/03

A study of cancer-associated mutations in normal endometrial glands of the uterus has now been performed using whole-genome sequencing. The analysis sheds light on the early changes that lead to invasive disease.


  
Notch signalling drives synovial fibroblast identity and arthritis pathology 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 582 (7811) : 259-+
作者:  Han, Xiaoping;  Zhou, Ziming;  Fei, Lijiang;  Sun, Huiyu;  Wang, Renying;  Chen, Yao;  Chen, Haide;  Wang, Jingjing;  Tang, Huanna;  Ge, Wenhao;  Zhou, Yincong;  Ye, Fang;  Jiang, Mengmeng;  Wu, Junqing;  Xiao, Yanyu;  Jia, Xiaoning;  Zhang, Tingyue;  Ma, Xiaojie;  Zhang, Qi;  Bai, Xueli;  Lai, Shujing;  Yu, Chengxuan;  Zhu, Lijun;  Lin, Rui;  Gao, Yuchi;  Wang, Min;  Wu, Yiqing;  Zhang, Jianming;  Zhan, Renya;  Zhu, Saiyong;  Hu, Hailan;  Wang, Changchun;  Chen, Ming;  Huang, He;  Liang, Tingbo;  Chen, Jianghua;  Wang, Weilin;  Zhang, Dan;  Guo, Guoji
收藏  |  浏览/下载：43/0  |  提交时间：2020/07/03

NOTCH3 signalling is shown to be the underlying driver of the differentiation and expansion of a subset of synovial fibroblasts implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.


The synovium is a mesenchymal tissue composed mainly of fibroblasts, with a lining and sublining that surround the joints. In rheumatoid arthritis the synovial tissue undergoes marked hyperplasia, becomes inflamed and invasive, and destroys the joint(1,2). It has recently been shown that a subset of fibroblasts in the sublining undergoes a major expansion in rheumatoid arthritis that is linked to disease activity(3-5)  however, the molecular mechanism by which these fibroblasts differentiate and expand is unknown. Here we identify a critical role for NOTCH3 signalling in the differentiation of perivascular and sublining fibroblasts that express CD90 (encoded by THY1). Using single-cell RNA sequencing and synovial tissue organoids, we found that NOTCH3 signalling drives both transcriptional and spatial gradients-emanating from vascular endothelial cells outwards-in fibroblasts. In active rheumatoid arthritis, NOTCH3 and Notch target genes are markedly upregulated in synovial fibroblasts. In mice, the genetic deletion of Notch3 or the blockade of NOTCH3 signalling attenuates inflammation and prevents joint damage in inflammatory arthritis. Our results indicate that synovial fibroblasts exhibit a positional identity that is regulated by endothelium-derived Notch signalling, and that this stromal crosstalk pathway underlies inflammation and pathology in inflammatory arthritis.


  
Integrating genomic features for non-invasive early lung cancer detection 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7802) : 245-+
作者:  Wang, Qinyang;  Wang, Yupeng;  Ding, Jingjin;  Wang, Chunhong;  Zhou, Xuehan;  Gao, Wenqing;  Huang, Huanwei;  Shao, Feng;  Liu, Zhibo
收藏  |  浏览/下载：15/0  |  提交时间：2020/07/03

Circulating tumour DNA in blood is analysed to identify genomic features that distinguish early-stage lung cancer patients from risk-matched controls, and these are integrated into a machine-learning method for blood-based lung cancer screening.


Radiologic screening of high-risk adults reduces lung-cancer-related mortality(1,2)  however, a small minority of eligible individuals undergo such screening in the United States(3,4). The availability of blood-based tests could increase screening uptake. Here we introduce improvements to cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing (CAPP-Seq)(5), a method for the analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), to better facilitate screening applications. We show that, although levels are very low in early-stage lung cancers, ctDNA is present prior to treatment in most patients and its presence is strongly prognostic. We also find that the majority of somatic mutations in the cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with lung cancer and of risk-matched controls reflect clonal haematopoiesis and are non-recurrent. Compared with tumour-derived mutations, clonal haematopoiesis mutations occur on longer cfDNA fragments and lack mutational signatures that are associated with tobacco smoking. Integrating these findings with other molecular features, we develop and prospectively validate a machine-learning method termed '  lung cancer likelihood in plasma'  (Lung-CLiP), which can robustly discriminate early-stage lung cancer patients from risk-matched controls. This approach achieves performance similar to that of tumour-informed ctDNA detection and enables tuning of assay specificity in order to facilitate distinct clinical applications. Our findings establish the potential of cfDNA for lung cancer screening and highlight the importance of risk-matching cases and controls in cfDNA-based screening studies.


  
TGF-beta orchestrates fibrogenic and developmental EMTs via the RAS effector RREB1 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 577 (7791) : 566-+
作者:  Su, Jie;  Morgani, Sophie M.;  David, Charles J.;  Wang, Qiong;  Er, Ekrem Emrah;  Huang, Yun-Han;  Basnet, Harihar;  Zou, Yilong;  Shu, Weiping;  Soni, Rajesh K.;  Hendrickson, Ronald C.;  Hadjantonakis, Anna-Katerina;  Massague, Joan
收藏  |  浏览/下载：7/0  |  提交时间：2020/07/03

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are phenotypic plasticity processes that confer migratory and invasive properties to epithelial cells during development, wound-healing, fibrosis and cancer(1-4). EMTs are driven by SNAIL, ZEB and TWIST transcription factors(5,6) together with microRNAs that balance this regulatory network(7,8). Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a potent inducer of developmental and fibrogenic EMTs4,9,10. Aberrant TGF-beta signalling and EMT are implicated in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, pulmonary fibrosis and cancer(4,11). TGF-beta depends on RAS and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inputs for the induction of EMTs12-19. Here we show how these signals coordinately trigger EMTs and integrate them with broader pathophysiological processes. We identify RAS-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1), a RAS transcriptional effector(20,21), as a key partner of TGF-beta-activated SMAD transcription factors in EMT. MAPK-activated RREB1 recruits TGF-beta-activated SMAD factors to SNAIL. Context-dependent chromatin accessibility dictates the ability of RREB1 and SMAD to activate additional genes that determine the nature of the resulting EMT. In carcinoma cells, TGF-beta-SMAD and RREB1 directly drive expression of SNAIL and fibrogenic factors stimulating myofibroblasts, promoting intratumoral fibrosis and supporting tumour growth. In mouse epiblast progenitors, Nodal-SMAD and RREB1 combine to induce expression of SNAIL and mesendoderm-differentiation genes that drive gastrulation. Thus, RREB1 provides a molecular link between RAS and TGF-beta pathways for coordinated induction of developmental and fibrogenic EMTs. These insights increase our understanding of the regulation of epithelial plasticity and its pathophysiological consequences in development, fibrosis and cancer.


RAS and TGF-beta pathways regulate distinct modes of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via RAS-responsive element binding protein 1.


  
AQP5 enriches for stem cells and cancer origins in the distal stomach 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 578 (7795) : 437-+
作者:  Athukoralage, Januka S.;  McMahon, Stephen A.;  Zhang, Changyi;  Grueschow, Sabine;  Graham, Shirley;  Krupovic, Mart;  Whitaker, Rachel J.;  Gloster, Tracey M.;  White, Malcolm F.
收藏  |  浏览/下载：17/0  |  提交时间：2020/07/03

LGR5 marks resident adult epithelial stem cells at the gland base in the mouse pyloric stomach(1), but the identity of the equivalent human stem cell population remains unknown owing to a lack of surface markers that facilitate its prospective isolation and validation. In mouse models of intestinal cancer, LGR5(+) intestinal stem cells are major sources of cancer following hyperactivation of the WNT pathway(2). However, the contribution of pyloric LGR5(+) stem cells to gastric cancer following dysregulation of the WNT pathway-a frequent event in gastric cancer in humans(3)-is unknown. Here we use comparative profiling of LGR5(+) stem cell populations along the mouse gastrointestinal tract to identify, and then functionally validate, the membrane protein AQP5 as a marker that enriches for mouse and human adult pyloric stem cells. We show that stem cells within the AQP5(+) compartment are a source of WNT-driven, invasive gastric cancer in vivo, using newly generated Aqp5-creERT2 mouse models. Additionally, tumour-resident AQP5(+) cells can selectively initiate organoid growth in vitro, which indicates that this population contains potential cancer stem cells. In humans, AQP5 is frequently expressed in primary intestinal and diffuse subtypes of gastric cancer (and in metastases of these subtypes), and often displays altered cellular localization compared with healthy tissue. These newly identified markers and mouse models will be an invaluable resource for deciphering the early formation of gastric cancer, and for isolating and characterizing human-stomach stem cells as a prerequisite for harnessing the regenerative-medicine potential of these cells in the clinic.


AQP5 is identified as a marker for pyloric stem cells in humans and mice, and stem cells in the AQP5(+) compartment are shown to be a source of invasive gastric cancer in mouse models.


  
Small-molecule ion channels increase host defences in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia 期刊论文
NATURE, 2019, 567 (7748) : 405-+
作者:  Muraglia, Katrina A.;  Chorghade, Rajeev S.;  Kim, Bo Ram;  Tang, Xiao Xiao;  Shah, Viral S.;  Grillo, Anthony S.;  Daniels, Page N.;  Cioffi, Alexander G.;  Karp, Philip H.;  Zhu, Lingyang;  Welsh, Michael J.;  Burke, Martin D.
收藏  |  浏览/下载：7/0  |  提交时间：2019/11/27
Invasive pest hits Africa 期刊论文
NATURE, 2017, 543 (7643) : 13-14
作者:  Wild, Sarah
收藏  |  浏览/下载：0/0  |  提交时间：2019/11/27