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实现《巴黎协定》目标需要对全球食物系统进行重大变革 快报文章
气候变化快报,2020年第22期
作者:  董利苹
Microsoft Word(15Kb)  |  收藏  |  浏览/下载:415/0  |  提交时间:2020/11/20
Global Food System Emissions  1.5 ℃ and 2 ℃  Climate Change Targets  
应对生物多样性丧失与气候变化双重危机的“全球安全网” 快报文章
资源环境快报,2020年第19期
作者:  董利苹
Microsoft Word(13Kb)  |  收藏  |  浏览/下载:414/0  |  提交时间:2020/10/15
Global Safety Net  Biodiversity Loss  climate change  
到2100年气候变暖将造成全球经济产出损失约10% 快报文章
气候变化快报,2020年第17期
作者:  刘燕飞
Microsoft Word(13Kb)  |  收藏  |  浏览/下载:392/0  |  提交时间:2020/09/04
Climate change  Climate damages  Climate impacts  Global warming  Social costs of carbon  
Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 583 (7815) : 242-+
作者:  David J. Beerling;  Euripides P. Kantzas;  Mark R. Lomas;  Peter Wade;  Rafael M. Eufrasio;  Phil Renforth;  Binoy Sarkar;  M. Grace Andrews;  Rachael H. James;  Christopher R. Pearce;  Jean-Francois Mercure;  Hector Pollitt;  Philip B. Holden;  Neil R. Edwards;  Madhu Khanna;  Lenny Koh;  Shaun Quegan;  Nick F. Pidgeon;  Ivan A. Janssens;  James Hansen;  Steven A. Banwart
收藏  |  浏览/下载:18/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/14

Enhanced silicate rock weathering (ERW), deployable with croplands, has potential use for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR), which is now necessary to mitigate anthropogenic climate change(1). ERW also has possible co-benefits for improved food and soil security, and reduced ocean acidification(2-4). Here we use an integrated performance modelling approach to make an initial techno-economic assessment for 2050, quantifying how CDR potential and costs vary among nations in relation to business-as-usual energy policies and policies consistent with limiting future warming to 2 degrees Celsius(5). China, India, the USA and Brazil have great potential to help achieve average global CDR goals of 0.5 to 2gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year with extraction costs of approximately US$80-180 per tonne of CO2. These goals and costs are robust, regardless of future energy policies. Deployment within existing croplands offers opportunities to align agriculture and climate policy. However, success will depend upon overcoming political and social inertia to develop regulatory and incentive frameworks. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of ERW deployment, including the potential for excess industrial silicate materials (basalt mine overburden, concrete, and iron and steel slag) to obviate the need for new mining, as well as uncertainties in soil weathering rates and land-ocean transfer of weathered products.


  
Extreme dry and wet spells face changes in their duration and timing 期刊论文
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2020, 15 (7)
作者:  Breinl, Korbinian;  Di Baldassarre, Giuliano;  Mazzoleni, Maurizio;  Lun, David;  Vico, Giulia
收藏  |  浏览/下载:11/0  |  提交时间:2020/08/18
extreme dry spells  extreme wet spells  change in duration  change in timing  climate change  global analysis  global trends  
Implications of non-linearities between cumulative CO(2)emissions and CO2-induced warming for assessing the remaining carbon budget 期刊论文
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2020, 15 (7)
作者:  Nicholls, Z. R. J.;  Gieseke, R.;  Lewis, J.;  Nauels, A.;  Meinshausen, M.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:11/0  |  提交时间:2020/08/18
climate change  global warming  remaining carbon budget  peak temperature  IPCC  
The seventh macronutrient: how sodium shortfall ramifies through populations, food webs and ecosystems 期刊论文
ECOLOGY LETTERS, 2020, 23 (7) : 1153-1168
作者:  Kaspari, Michael
收藏  |  浏览/下载:8/0  |  提交时间:2020/05/13
Biogeochemistry  biogeography  global change  herbivory  ionomics  plant chemistry  plant-consumer interactions  pollination  sodium  stoichiometry  
U-shaped response Unifies views on temperature dependency of stoichiometric requirements 期刊论文
ECOLOGY LETTERS, 2020, 23 (5) : 860-869
作者:  Ruiz, Thomas;  Koussoroplis, Apostolos-Manuel;  Danger, Michael;  Aguer, Jean-Pierre;  Morel-Desrosiers, Nicole;  Bec, Alexandre
收藏  |  浏览/下载:6/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/02
Daphnia  ectotherm  global change  nutrient  stoichiometry  temperature  TER  
The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7802) : 227-+
作者:  Sun, P. Z.;  Yang, Q.;  Kuang, W. J.;  Stebunov, Y. V.;  Xiong, W. Q.;  Yu, J.;  Nair, R. R.;  Katsnelson, M. I.;  Yuan, S. J.;  Grigorieva, I. V.;  Lozada-Hidalgo, M.;  Wang, F. C.;  Geim, A. K.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:70/0  |  提交时间:2020/05/13

Carbon dioxide enrichment of a mature forest resulted in the emission of the excess carbon back into the atmosphere via enhanced ecosystem respiration, suggesting that mature forests may be limited in their capacity to mitigate climate change.


Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO(2)) can enhance plant carbon uptake and growth(1-5), thereby providing an important negative feedback to climate change by slowing the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration(6). Although evidence gathered from young aggrading forests has generally indicated a strong CO2 fertilization effect on biomass growth(3-5), it is unclear whether mature forests respond to eCO(2) in a similar way. In mature trees and forest stands(7-10), photosynthetic uptake has been found to increase under eCO(2) without any apparent accompanying growth response, leaving the fate of additional carbon fixed under eCO(2) unclear(4,5,7-11). Here using data from the first ecosystem-scale Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature forest, we constructed a comprehensive ecosystem carbon budget to track the fate of carbon as the forest responded to four years of eCO(2) exposure. We show that, although the eCO(2) treatment of +150 parts per million (+38 per cent) above ambient levels induced a 12 per cent (+247 grams of carbon per square metre per year) increase in carbon uptake through gross primary production, this additional carbon uptake did not lead to increased carbon sequestration at the ecosystem level. Instead, the majority of the extra carbon was emitted back into the atmosphere via several respiratory fluxes, with increased soil respiration alone accounting for half of the total uptake surplus. Our results call into question the predominant thinking that the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks will be generally enhanced under eCO(2), and challenge the efficacy of climate mitigation strategies that rely on ubiquitous CO2 fertilization as a driver of increased carbon sinks in global forests.


  
The projected timing of abrupt ecological disruption from climate change 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7804) : 496-+
作者:  Gorgulla, Christoph;  Boeszoermenyi, Andras;  Wang, Zi-Fu;  Fischer, Patrick D.;  Coote, Paul W.;  Padmanabha Das, Krishna M.;  Malets, Yehor S.;  Radchenko, Dmytro S.;  Moroz, Yurii S.;  Scott, David A.;  Fackeldey, Konstantin;  Hoffmann, Moritz;  Iavniuk, Iryna;  Wagner, Gerhard;  Arthanari, Haribabu
收藏  |  浏览/下载:56/0  |  提交时间:2020/05/13

As anthropogenic climate change continues the risks to biodiversity will increase over time, with future projections indicating that a potentially catastrophic loss of global biodiversity is on the horizon(1-3). However, our understanding of when and how abruptly this climate-driven disruption of biodiversity will occur is limited because biodiversity forecasts typically focus on individual snapshots of the future. Here we use annual projections (from 1850 to 2100) of temperature and precipitation across the ranges of more than 30,000 marine and terrestrial species to estimate the timing of their exposure to potentially dangerous climate conditions. We project that future disruption of ecological assemblages as a result of climate change will be abrupt, because within any given ecological assemblage the exposure of most species to climate conditions beyond their realized niche limits occurs almost simultaneously. Under a high-emissions scenario (representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5), such abrupt exposure events begin before 2030 in tropical oceans and spread to tropical forests and higher latitudes by 2050. If global warming is kept below 2 degrees C, less than 2% of assemblages globally are projected to undergo abrupt exposure events of more than 20% of their constituent species  however, the risk accelerates with the magnitude of warming, threatening 15% of assemblages at 4 degrees C, with similar levels of risk in protected and unprotected areas. These results highlight the impending risk of sudden and severe biodiversity losses from climate change and provide a framework for predicting both when and where these events may occur.


Using annual projections of temperature and precipitation to estimate when species will be exposed to potentially harmful climate conditions reveals that disruption of ecological assemblages as a result of climate change will be abrupt and could start as early as the current decade.