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Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 581 (7807) : 184-+
作者:  Liang, Guanxiang;  Zhao, Chunyu;  Zhang, Huanjia;  Mattei, Lisa;  Sherrill-Mix, Scott;  Bittinger, Kyle;  Kessler, Lyanna R.;  Wu, Gary D.;  Baldassano, Robert N.;  DeRusso, Patricia;  Ford, Eileen;  Elovitz, Michal A.;  Kelly, Matthew S.;  Patel, Mohamed Z.;  Mazhani, Tiny;  Gerber, Jeffrey S.;  Kelly, Andrea;  Zemel, Babette S.;  Bushman, Frederic D.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:17/0  |  提交时间:2020/05/20

A list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper New-particle formation is a major contributor to urban smog(1,2), but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling(3). If the growth rates of urban particles are similar to those found in cleaner environments (1-10 nanometres per hour), then existing understanding suggests that new urban particles should be rapidly scavenged by the high concentration of pre-existing particles. Here we show, through experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the CLOUD chamber at CERN, that below about +5 degrees Celsius, nitric acid and ammonia vapours can condense onto freshly nucleated particles as small as a few nanometres in diameter. Moreover, when it is cold enough (below -15 degrees Celsius), nitric acid and ammonia can nucleate directly through an acid-base stabilization mechanism to form ammonium nitrate particles. Given that these vapours are often one thousand times more abundant than sulfuric acid, the resulting particle growth rates can be extremely high, reaching well above 100 nanometres per hour. However, these high growth rates require the gas-particle ammonium nitrate system to be out of equilibrium in order to sustain gas-phase supersaturations. In view of the strong temperature dependence that we measure for the gas-phase supersaturations, we expect such transient conditions to occur in inhomogeneous urban settings, especially in wintertime, driven by vertical mixing and by strong local sources such as traffic. Even though rapid growth from nitric acid and ammonia condensation may last for only a few minutes, it is nonetheless fast enough to shepherd freshly nucleated particles through the smallest size range where they are most vulnerable to scavenging loss, thus greatly increasing their survival probability. We also expect nitric acid and ammonia nucleation and rapid growth to be important in the relatively clean and cold upper free troposphere, where ammonia can be convected from the continental boundary layer and nitric acid is abundant from electrical storms(4,5).


  
Plant 22-nt siRNAs mediate translational repression and stress adaptation 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 581 (7806) : 89-+
作者:  Roulis, Manolis;  Kaklamanos, Aimilios;  Schernthanner, Marina;  Bielecki, Piotr;  Zhao, Jun;  Kaffe, Eleanna;  Frommelt, Laura-Sophie;  Qu, Rihao;  Knapp, Marlene S.;  Henriques, Ana;  Chalkidi, Niki;  Koliaraki, Vasiliki;  Jiao, Jing;  Brewer, J. Richard;  Bacher, Maren;  Blackburn, Holly N.;  Zhao, Xiaoyun;  Breyer, Richard M.;  Aidinis, Vassilis;  Jain, Dhanpat;  Su, Bing;  Herschman, Harvey R.;  Kluger, Yuval;  Kollias, George;  Flavell, Richard A.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:32/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Characterization of 22-nucleotide short interfering RNAs in plants finds that they accumulate in response to environmental stress, causing translational repression, inhibition of plant growth and enhanced stress responses.


Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are essential for proper development and immunity in eukaryotes(1). Plants produce siRNAs with lengths of 21, 22 or 24 nucleotides. The 21- and 24-nucleotide species mediate cleavage of messenger RNAs and DNA methylation(2,3), respectively, but the biological functions of the 22-nucleotide siRNAs remain unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of a group of endogenous 22-nucleotide siRNAs that are generated by the DICER-LIKE 2 (DCL2) protein in plants. When cytoplasmic RNA decay and DCL4 are deficient, the resulting massive accumulation of 22-nucleotide siRNAs causes pleiotropic growth disorders, including severe dwarfism, meristem defects and pigmentation. Notably, two genes that encode nitrate reductases-NIA1 and NIA2-produce nearly half of the 22-nucleotide siRNAs. Production of 22-nucleotide siRNAs triggers the amplification of gene silencing and induces translational repression both gene specifically and globally. Moreover, these 22-nucleotide siRNAs preferentially accumulate upon environmental stress, especially those siRNAs derived from NIA1/2, which act to restrain translation, inhibit plant growth and enhance stress responses. Thus, our research uncovers the unique properties of 22-nucleotide siRNAs, and reveals their importance in plant adaptation to environmental stresses.


  
Simulation of organic aerosol formation during the CalNex study: updated mobile emissions and secondary organic aerosol parameterization for intermediate-volatility organic compounds 期刊论文
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 2020, 20 (7) : 4313-4332
作者:  Lu, Quanyang;  Murphy, Benjamin N.;  Qin, Momei;  Adams, Peter;  Zhao, Yunliang;  Pye, Havala O. T.;  Efstathiou, Christos;  Allen, Chris;  Robinson, Allen L.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:15/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/02
Premature mortality related to United States cross-state air pollution 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 578 (7794) : 261-+
作者:  Helmink, Beth A.;  Reddy, Sangeetha M.;  Gao, Jianjun;  Zhang, Shaojun;  Basar, Rafet;  Thakur, Rohit;  Yizhak, Keren;  Sade-Feldman, Moshe;  Blando, Jorge;  Han, Guangchun;  Gopalakrishnan, Vancheswaran;  Xi, Yuanxin;  Zhao, Hao;  Amaria, Rodabe N.;  Tawbi, Hussein A.;  Cogdill, Alex P.;  Liu, Wenbin;  LeBleu, Valerie S.;  Kugeratski, Fernanda G.;  Patel, Sapna;  Davies, Michael A.;  Hwu, Patrick;  Lee, Jeffrey E.;  Gershenwald, Jeffrey E.;  Lucci, Anthony;  Arora, Reetakshi;  Woodman, Scott;  Keung, Emily Z.;  Gaudreau, Pierre-Olivier;  Reuben, Alexandre;  Spencer, Christine N.;  Burton, Elizabeth M.;  Haydu, Lauren E.;  Lazar, Alexander J.;  Zapassodi, Roberta;  Hudgens, Courtney W.;  Ledesma, Deborah A.;  Ong, SuFey;  Bailey, Michael;  Warren, Sarah;  Rao, Disha;  Krijgsman, Oscar;  Rozeman, Elisa A.;  Peeper, Daniel;  Blank, Christian U.;  Schumacher, Ton N.;  Butterfield, Lisa H.;  Zelazowska, Monika A.;  McBride, Kevin M.;  Kalluri, Raghu;  Allison, James;  Petitprez, Florent;  Fridman, Wolf Herman;  Sautes-Fridman, Catherine;  Hacohen, Nir;  Rezvani, Katayoun;  Sharma, Padmanee;  Tetzlaff, Michael T.;  Wang, Linghua;  Wargo, Jennifer A.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:37/0  |  提交时间:2020/05/13

Outdoor air pollution adversely affects human health and is estimated to be responsible for five to ten per cent of the total annual premature mortality in the contiguous United States(1-3). Combustion emissions from a variety of sources, such as power generation or road traffic, make a large contribution to harmful air pollutants such as ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)(4). Efforts to mitigate air pollution have focused mainly on the relationship between local emission sources and local air quality(2). Air quality can also be affected by distant emission sources, however, including emissions from neighbouring federal states(5,6). This cross-state exchange of pollution poses additional regulatory challenges. Here we quantify the exchange of air pollution among the contiguous United States, and assess its impact on premature mortality that is linked to increased human exposure to PM2.5 and ozone from seven emission sectors for 2005 to 2018. On average, we find that 41 to 53 per cent of air-quality-related premature mortality resulting from a state'  s emissions occurs outside that state. We also find variations in the cross-state contributions of different emission sectors and chemical species to premature mortality, and changes in these variations over time. Emissions from electric power generation have the greatest cross-state impacts as a fraction of their total impacts, whereas commercial/residential emissions have the smallest. However, reductions in emissions from electric power generation since 2005 have meant that, by 2018, cross-state premature mortality associated with the commercial/residential sector was twice that associated with power generation. In terms of the chemical species emitted, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions caused the most cross-state premature deaths in 2005, but by 2018 primary PM2.5 emissions led to cross-state premature deaths equal to three times those associated with sulfur dioxide emissions. These reported shifts in emission sectors and emission species that contribute to premature mortality may help to guide improvements to air quality in the contiguous United States.


  
Spatial distribution of aerosol microphysical and optical properties and direct radiative effect from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network 期刊论文
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 2019, 19 (18) : 11843-11864
作者:  Che, Huizheng;  Xia, Xiangao;  Zhao, Hujia;  Dubovik, Oleg;  Holben, Brent N.;  Goloub, Philippe;  Cuevas-Agullo, Emilio;  Estelles, Victor;  Wang, Yaqiang;  Zhu, Jun;  Qi, Bing;  Gong, Wei;  Yang, Honglong;  Zhang, Renjian;  Yang, Leiku;  Chen, Jing;  Wang, Hong;  Zheng, Yu;  Gui, Ke;  Zhang, Xiaochun;  Zhang, Xiaoye
收藏  |  浏览/下载:10/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia 期刊论文
SCIENCE, 2019, 365 (6457) : 999-+
作者:  Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.;  Patterson, Nick;  Moorjani, Priya;  Rohland, Nadin;  Bernardos, Rebecca;  Mallick, Swapan;  Lazaridis, Losif;  Nakatsuka, Nathan;  Olalde, Iffigo;  Lipson, Mark;  Kim, Alexander M.;  Olivieri, Luca M.;  Coppa, Alfredo;  Vidale, Massimo;  Mallory, James;  Moiseyev, Vyacheslav;  Kitov, Egor;  Monge, Janet;  Adamski, Nicole;  Alexi, Neel;  Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen;  Candilio, Francesca;  Callan, Kimberly;  Cheronet, Olivia;  Culleton, Brendan J.;  Ferry, Matthew;  Fernandes, Daniel;  Freilih, Suzanne;  Gamarra, Beatriz;  Gaudio, Daniel;  Hajdinjak, Mateja;  Harney, Eadaoin;  Harper, Thomas K.;  Keatin, Denise;  Lawson, Ann Marie;  Mah, Matthew;  Mandl, Kirsten;  Michel, Megan;  Novak, Mario;  Oppenheimer, Jonas;  Rai, Niraj;  Sirak, Kendra;  Slon, Viviane;  Stewardson, Kristin;  Zalzala, Fatma;  Zhang, Zhao;  Akhatov, Gaziz;  Bagashev, Anatoly N.;  Bagnera, Alessandra;  Baitanayev, Bauryzhan;  Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio;  Bissembaev, Arman A.;  Bonora, Gian Luca;  Chargynov, Temirlan T.;  Chikisheva, Tatiana;  Dashkovskiy, Petr K.;  Derevianko, Anatoly;  Dobes, Miroslav;  Douka, Katerina;  Dubova, Nadezhda;  Duisengali, Meiram N.;  Enshin, Dmitry;  Epimakhov, Andrey;  Fribus, Alexey V.;  Fuller, Dorian;  Goryachev, Alexander;  Gromov, Andrey;  Grushin, Sergey P.;  Hanks, Bryan;  Judd, Margaret;  Kazizov, Erlan;  Khokhlov, Aleksander;  Krygin, Aleksander P.;  Kupriyanova, Elena;  Kuznetsov, Pavel;  Luiseli, Donata;  Maksudov, Farhod;  Mamedov, Asian M.;  Mamirov, Talgat B.;  Meiklejohn, Christopher;  Merrett, Deborah C.;  Micheli, Roberto;  Mochalov, Oleg;  Mustafokulov, Samariddin;  Nayak, Ayushi;  Pettener, Davide;  Potts, Richard;  Razhev, Dmitry;  Rykun, Marina;  Sarno, Stefania;  Savenkova, Tatyana M.;  Sikhymbaeva, Kulyan;  Slepchenko, Sergey M.;  Soltobaev, Oroz A.;  Stepanova, Nadezhda;  Svyatko, Svetlana;  Tabaldiev, Kubatbek;  Teschler-Nicola, Maria;  Tishkin, Alexey A.;  Tkachev, Vitaly V.;  Vasilyev, Sergey;  Veleminsky, Petr;  Voyakin, Dmitriy;  Yermolayeva, Antonina;  Zahir, Muhammad;  Zubkov, Valery S.;  Zubova, Alisa;  Shinde, Vasant S.;  Lalueza-Fox, Carles;  Meyer, Matthias;  Anthony, David;  Boivin, Nicole;  Thangaraj, Kumnarasamy;  Kennett, Douglas J.;  Frachetti, Michael;  Pinhasi, Ron;  Reich, David
收藏  |  浏览/下载:23/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Large contribution of meteorological factors to inter-decadal changes in regional aerosol optical depth 期刊论文
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 2019, 19 (16) : 10497-10523
作者:  Che, Huizheng;  Gui, Ke;  Xia, Xiangao;  Wang, Yaqiang;  Holben, Brent N.;  Goloub, Philippe;  Cuevas-Agullo, Emilio;  Wang, Hong;  Zheng, Yu;  Zhao, Hujia;  Zhang, Xiaoye
收藏  |  浏览/下载:12/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Summertime aerosol volatility measurements in Beijing, China 期刊论文
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 2019, 19 (15)
作者:  Xu, Weiqi;  Xie, Conghui;  Karnezi, Eleni;  Zhang, Qi;  Wang, Junfeng;  Pandis, Spyros N.;  Ge, Xinlei;  Zhang, Jingwei;  An, Junling;  Wang, Qingqing;  Zhao, Jian;  Du, Wei;  Qiu, Yanmei;  Zhou, Wei;  He, Yao;  Li, Ying;  Li, Jie;  Fu, Pingqing;  Wang, Zifa;  Worsnop, Douglas R.;  Sun, Yele
收藏  |  浏览/下载:7/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses (vol 569, pg 404, 2019) 期刊论文
NATURE, 2019, 571 (7765) : E8-E8
作者:  Steidinger, B. S.;  Crowther, T. W.;  Liang, J.;  Van Nuland, M. E.;  Werner, G. D. A.;  Reich, P. B.;  Nabuurs, G. J.;  de-Miguel, S.;  Zhou, M.;  Picard, N.;  Herault, B.;  Zhao, X.;  Zhang, C.;  Routh, D.;  Peay, K. G.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:9/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses 期刊论文
Nature, 2019, 569: 404-408
作者:  B. S. Steidinger;  T. W. Crowther;  J. Liang;  M. E. Van Nuland;  G. D. A. Werner;  P. B. Reich;  G. J. Nabuurs;  S. de-Miguel;  M. Zhou;  N. Picard;  B. Herault;  X. Zhao;  C. Zhang;  D. Routh;  K. G. Peay;  GFBI consortium
收藏  |  浏览/下载:8/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27