Vapor-assisted deposition of highly efficient, stable black-phase FAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite solar cells

doi:10.1126/science.abb8985

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abb8985
	Vapor-assisted deposition of highly efficient, stable black-phase FAPbI₃ perovskite solar cells
	Haizhou Lu; Yuhang Liu; Paramvir Ahlawat; Aditya Mishra; Wolfgang R. Tress; Felix T. Eickemeyer; Yingguo Yang; Fan Fu; Zaiwei Wang; Claudia E. Avalos; Brian I. Carlsen; Anand Agarwalla; Xin Zhang; Xiaoguo Li; Yiqiang Zhan; Shaik M. Zakeeruddin; Lyndon Emsley; Ursula Rothlisberger; Lirong Zheng; Anders Hagfeldt; Michael Grätzel
	2020-10-02
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2020
英文摘要	The bandgap of the black α-phase FAPbI3 (where FA is formamidinium) is nearly ideal for solar cells, but it is unstable with respect to the photoinactive yellow δ-phase. Lu et al. found that a film of the yellow phase was converted to a highly crystalline black phase by vapor exposure to methylammonium thiocyanate at 100°C, and it retained this structure after 500 hours at 85°C. Solar cells fabricated with this material had a power conversion efficiency of more than 23%. After 500 hours under maximum power tracking and a period of dark recovery, 94% of the original efficiency was retained. Science , this issue p. [eabb8985][1] ### INTRODUCTION Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached a power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.2%, thus exceeding other thin-film solar cells. FAPbI3 (where FA is formamidinium) has been shown to be an ideal candidate for efficient, stable PSCs. Obtaining highly crystalline, stable, and pure α-phase FAPbI3 films has been of vital importance. However, FAPbI3 undergoes a phase transition from the black α-phase to the photoinactive δ-phase below 150°C. Previous approaches to overcoming this problem include mixing it with MA, Cs or Br ions. Here, we report a deposition method using methylammonium thiocyanate (MASCN) vapor treatment to convert δ-FAPbI3 to the desired pure α-phase below the thermodynamic phase-transition temperature. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that the SCN– anions promote the formation and stabilization of α-FAPbI3. These vapor-treated FAPbI3 PSCs exhibit outstanding photovoltaic and electroluminescent performance. ### RATIONALE Although the phase transition from δ- to α-phase FAPbI3 requires a high temperature, the treatment of δ-phase FAPbI3 films with MASCN vapor allows the conversion to occur at temperatures below 150°C. MD simulations show that SCN– ions preferentially adsorb on the surface of δ-FAPbI3 to replace iodide ions that are bound to Pb2+. This process disintegrates the top layer of face-sharing octahedra and induces the transition to the corner-sharing architecture of α-FAPbI3. Once the corner-sharing α-form is formed on the top surface, this layer templates the progression of the phase transition from δ- to α-FAPbI3 toward the bulk. Once the pure α-FAPbI3 is formed, its back conversion to the δ-phase is prevented by a high energy barrier. ### RESULTS We show a complete conversion from δ- to α-FAPbI3 at 100°C using the MASCN vapor treatment method. This phase transition can also be achieved using FASCN vapor. The vapor-treated FAPbI3 film remained in its pure black phase even after 500 hours of annealing at 85°C, whereas the reference FAPbI3 film formed mainly PbI2 during the heat exposure. X-ray diffraction data showed an improved crystallinity and preferred orientation of the FAPbI3 films after vapor treatment. One- and two-dimensional NMR experiments were used to probe changes in symmetry and quantify the incorporation of MA into the perovskite framework. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements confirmed that the MASCN content was mostly located near the surface region of the FAPbI3 films. We used these low-defect-density α-FAPbI3 films to make PSCs with >23% PCE, long-term operational stability, low (330 mV) open-circuit voltage ( V oc) loss, and low (0.75 V) turn-on voltage of electroluminescence. ### CONCLUSION SCN– anions play a key role in promoting the formation and stabilization of α-FAPbI3. Vapor-treated FAPbI3 films showed long-term thermal stability. MD simulations showed that the pure α-FAPbI3 remained kinetically stable. These findings are important for developing stable and pure black-phase FAPbI3-based PSCs. Our vapor-treated FAPbI3 PSCs showed high efficiency and good long-term stability under maximum power point tracking conditions. Because of its high V oc and high external quantum efficiency electroluminescence yield, pure α-FAPbI3 will be useful for other applications such as light-emitting diodes and photodetectors. ![Figure][2] Stable and phase pure MASCN vapor-treated FAPbI3 films. Vapor-treated FAPbI3 films were annealed at 85°C for 500 hours in an N2 environment. Mixtures of cations or halides with FAPbI3 (where FA is formamidinium) lead to high efficiency in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) but also to blue-shifted absorption and long-term stability issues caused by loss of volatile methylammonium (MA) and phase segregation. We report a deposition method using MA thiocyanate (MASCN) or FASCN vapor treatment to convert yellow δ-FAPbI3 perovskite films to the desired pure α-phase. NMR quantifies MA incorporation into the framework. Molecular dynamics simulations show that SCN– anions promote the formation and stabilization of α-FAPbI3 below the thermodynamic phase-transition temperature. We used these low-defect-density α-FAPbI3 films to make PSCs with >23% power-conversion efficiency and long-term operational and thermal stability, as well as a low (330 millivolts) open-circuit voltage loss and a low (0.75 volt) turn-on voltage of electroluminescence. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abb8985 [2]: pending:yes
领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
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文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/298053
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Haizhou Lu,Yuhang Liu,Paramvir Ahlawat,et al. Vapor-assisted deposition of highly efficient, stable black-phase FAPbI₃ perovskite solar cells[J]. Science,2020.
APA	Haizhou Lu.,Yuhang Liu.,Paramvir Ahlawat.,Aditya Mishra.,Wolfgang R. Tress.,...&Michael Grätzel.(2020).Vapor-assisted deposition of highly efficient, stable black-phase FAPbI₃ perovskite solar cells.Science.
MLA	Haizhou Lu,et al."Vapor-assisted deposition of highly efficient, stable black-phase FAPbI₃ perovskite solar cells".Science (2020).