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DOI | 10.1029/2018GL080317 |
Volcanic Hail Detected With GPS: The 2011 Eruption of Grimsvotn Volcano, Iceland | |
Grapenthin, R.1; Hreinsdottir, S.2,3; Van Eaton, A. R.4 | |
2018-11-28 | |
发表期刊 | GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
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ISSN | 0094-8276 |
EISSN | 1944-8007 |
出版年 | 2018 |
卷号 | 45期号:22页码:12236-12243 |
文章类型 | Article |
语种 | 英语 |
国家 | USA; Iceland; New Zealand |
英文摘要 | Volcanic plumes are challenging to detect and characterize rapidly, but insights into processes such as hail formation or ash aggregation are valuable to hazard forecasts during volcanic crises. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS, which includes GPS) signals traveling from satellites to ground receivers can be disturbed by volcanic plumes. To date, two effects aiding plume detection from GNSS observations have been described: (a) ash-rich plumes scatter the signal, lowering the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and (b) some plumes refract and thus delay GNSS signals. Using GNSS data from the VEI 4 2011 Grimsvotn eruption, we show that tephra and water contents of plumes distinctly affect SNR and phase residuals. The signals suggest high-altitude freezing of plume water into volcanic hailcorroborated by 1-D modeling and volcanic hail deposits. Combining GNSS SNR and phase residual analyses is valuable for detecting processes that rapidly scrub fine ash out of the atmosphere. Plain Language Summary Explosive volcanic eruptions eject hazardous volcanic plumes into the atmosphere, threatening aircraft and downwind communities. Rapid detection and characterization of ash clouds are valuable components of volcano monitoring and hazard assessment. We demonstrate that it is possible to distinguish ash-rich from vapor or ice portions of volcanic plumes using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS, of which GPS is one constellation) data for the 2011 Grimsvotn eruption in Iceland. Our analyses, combined with insights from 1-D plume modeling, corroborate that GNSS phase residuals and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are sensitive to different plume compositions. Ash-laden plumes generally decrease the SNR at high-elevation angles. Water-vapor-rich plumes, on the other hand, have a greater impact on phase residuals. We combine phase residual and SNR observations and demonstrate that this technique can detect condensation or ice formation in different parts of the plume. Our analysis is validated by models of volcanic plume rise and water phase changes and by field observations of volcanic hail deposits. This finding is significant because it provides a new approach for characterizing plume processes that are relevant to the transport of hazardous ash as hail formation scrubs particles out of the atmosphere. |
英文关键词 | volcano GPS ash explosive eruption GNSS |
领域 | 气候变化 |
收录类别 | SCI-E |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000453250000016 |
WOS关键词 | WATER-VAPOR ; REDOUBT ; PLUME ; MODEL ; PRESSURE ; CLOUDS |
WOS类目 | Geosciences, Multidisciplinary |
WOS研究方向 | Geology |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/27721 |
专题 | 气候变化 |
作者单位 | 1.New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA; 2.Univ Iceland, Inst Earth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland; 3.GNS Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand; 4.US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA USA |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Grapenthin, R.,Hreinsdottir, S.,Van Eaton, A. R.. Volcanic Hail Detected With GPS: The 2011 Eruption of Grimsvotn Volcano, Iceland[J]. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS,2018,45(22):12236-12243. |
APA | Grapenthin, R.,Hreinsdottir, S.,&Van Eaton, A. R..(2018).Volcanic Hail Detected With GPS: The 2011 Eruption of Grimsvotn Volcano, Iceland.GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS,45(22),12236-12243. |
MLA | Grapenthin, R.,et al."Volcanic Hail Detected With GPS: The 2011 Eruption of Grimsvotn Volcano, Iceland".GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 45.22(2018):12236-12243. |
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