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DOI | 10.5194/acp-18-2985-2018 |
The maintenance of elevated active chlorine levels in the Antarctic lower stratosphere through HCl null cycles | |
Mueller, Rolf1; Grooss, Jens-Uwe1; Zafar, Abdul Mannan1,3; Robrecht, Sabine1; Lehmann, Ralph2 | |
2018-03-01 | |
发表期刊 | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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ISSN | 1680-7316 |
EISSN | 1680-7324 |
出版年 | 2018 |
卷号 | 18期号:4页码:2985-2997 |
文章类型 | Article |
语种 | 英语 |
国家 | Germany; Pakistan |
英文摘要 | The Antarctic ozone hole arises from ozone destruction driven by elevated levels of ozone destroying ("active") chlorine in Antarctic spring. These elevated levels of active chlorine have to be formed first and then maintained throughout the period of ozone destruction. It is a matter of debate how this maintenance of active chlorine is brought about in Antarctic spring, when the rate of formation of HCl (considered to be the main chlorine deactivation mechanism in Antarctica) is extremely high. Here we show that in the heart of the ozone hole (16-18 km or 85-55 hPa, in the core of the vortex), high levels of active chlorine are maintained by effective chemical cycles (referred to as HCl null cycles hereafter). In these cycles, the formation of HCl is balanced by immediate reactivation, i.e. by immediate reformation of active chlorine. Under these conditions, polar stratospheric clouds sequester HNO3 and thereby cause NO2 concentrations to be low. These HCl null cycles allow active chlorine levels to be maintained in the Antarctic lower stratosphere and thus rapid ozone destruction to occur. For the observed almost complete activation of stratospheric chlorine in the lower stratosphere, the heterogeneous reaction HCl + HOCl is essential; the production of HOCl occurs via HO2 + ClO, with the HO2 resulting from CH2O photolysis. These results are important for assessing the impact of changes of the future stratospheric composition on the recovery of the ozone hole. Our simulations indicate that, in the lower stratosphere, future increased methane concentrations will not lead to enhanced chlorine deactivation (through the reaction CH4 + Cl -> HCl + CH3) and that extreme ozone destruction to levels below approximate to 0.1 ppm will occur until mid-century. |
领域 | 地球科学 |
收录类别 | SCI-E |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000426556500005 |
WOS关键词 | LARGE HNO3-CONTAINING PARTICLES ; ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS ; POLAR OZONE DEPLETION ; SULFURIC-ACID ; WINTER ; DENITRIFICATION ; SIMULATION ; CHEMISTRY ; CLOUDS ; CLONO2 |
WOS类目 | Environmental Sciences ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
WOS研究方向 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/19525 |
专题 | 地球科学 |
作者单位 | 1.Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res IEK 7, Julich, Germany; 2.Alfred Wegener Inst, Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany; 3.Univ Engn & Technol, Inst Environm Engn & Res, Lahore, Pakistan |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Mueller, Rolf,Grooss, Jens-Uwe,Zafar, Abdul Mannan,et al. The maintenance of elevated active chlorine levels in the Antarctic lower stratosphere through HCl null cycles[J]. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,2018,18(4):2985-2997. |
APA | Mueller, Rolf,Grooss, Jens-Uwe,Zafar, Abdul Mannan,Robrecht, Sabine,&Lehmann, Ralph.(2018).The maintenance of elevated active chlorine levels in the Antarctic lower stratosphere through HCl null cycles.ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,18(4),2985-2997. |
MLA | Mueller, Rolf,et al."The maintenance of elevated active chlorine levels in the Antarctic lower stratosphere through HCl null cycles".ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 18.4(2018):2985-2997. |
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