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The dental proteome of Homo antecessor 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7802) : 235-+
作者:  Abram, Nerilie J.;  Wright, Nicky M.;  Ellis, Bethany;  Dixon, Bronwyn C.;  Wurtzel, Jennifer B.;  England, Matthew H.;  Ummenhofer, Caroline C.;  Philibosian, Belle;  Cahyarini, Sri Yudawati;  Yu, Tsai-Luen;  Shen, Chuan-Chou;  Cheng, Hai;  Edwards, R. Lawrence;  Heslop, David
收藏  |  浏览/下载:53/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Analyses of the proteomes of dental enamel from Homo antecessor and Homo erectus demonstrate that the Early Pleistocene H. antecessor is a close sister lineage of later Homo sapiens, Neanderthal and Denisovan populations in Eurasia.


The phylogenetic relationships between hominins of the Early Pleistocene epoch in Eurasia, such as Homo antecessor, and hominins that appear later in the fossil record during the Middle Pleistocene epoch, such as Homo sapiens, are highly debated(1-5). For the oldest remains, the molecular study of these relationships is hindered by the degradation of ancient DNA. However, recent research has demonstrated that the analysis of ancient proteins can address this challenge(6-8). Here we present the dental enamel proteomes of H. antecessor from Atapuerca (Spain)(9,10) and Homo erectus from Dmanisi (Georgia)(1), two key fossil assemblages that have a central role in models of Pleistocene hominin morphology, dispersal and divergence. We provide evidence that H. antecessor is a close sister lineage to subsequent Middle and Late Pleistocene hominins, including modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans. This placement implies that the modern-like face of H. antecessor-that is, similar to that of modern humans-may have a considerably deep ancestry in the genus Homo, and that the cranial morphology of Neanderthals represents a derived form. By recovering AMELY-specific peptide sequences, we also conclude that the H. antecessor molar fragment from Atapuerca that we analysed belonged to a male individual. Finally, these H. antecessor and H. erectus fossils preserve evidence of enamel proteome phosphorylation and proteolytic digestion that occurred in vivo during tooth formation. Our results provide important insights into the evolutionary relationships between H. antecessor and other hominin groups, and pave the way for future studies using enamel proteomes to investigate hominin biology across the existence of the genus Homo.


  
Stiffness of the human foot and evolution of the transverse arch 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020
作者:  Fujioka, Yuko;  Alam, Jahangir Md.;  Noshiro, Daisuke;  Mouri, Kazunari;  Ando, Toshio;  Okada, Yasushi;  May, Alexander I.;  Knorr, Roland L.;  Suzuki, Kuninori;  Ohsumi, Yoshinori;  Noda, Nobuo N.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:25/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The transverse tarsal arch, acting through the inter-metatarsal tissues, is important for the longitudinal stiffness of the foot and its appearance is a key step in the evolution of human bipedalism.


The stiff human foot enables an efficient push-off when walking or running, and was critical for the evolution of bipedalism(1-6). The uniquely arched morphology of the human midfoot is thought to stiffen it(5-9), whereas other primates have flat feet that bend severely in the midfoot(7,10,11). However, the relationship between midfoot geometry and stiffness remains debated in foot biomechanics(12,13), podiatry(14,15) and palaeontology(4-6). These debates centre on the medial longitudinal arch(5,6) and have not considered whether stiffness is affected by the second, transverse tarsal arch of the human foot(16). Here we show that the transverse tarsal arch, acting through the inter-metatarsal tissues, is responsible for more than 40% of the longitudinal stiffness of the foot. The underlying principle resembles a floppy currency note that stiffens considerably when it curls transversally. We derive a dimensionless curvature parameter that governs the stiffness contribution of the transverse tarsal arch, demonstrate its predictive power using mechanical models of the foot and find its skeletal correlate in hominin feet. In the foot, the material properties of the inter-metatarsal tissues and the mobility of the metatarsals may additionally influence the longitudinal stiffness of the foot and thus the curvature-stiffness relationship of the transverse tarsal arch. By analysing fossils, we track the evolution of the curvature parameter among extinct hominins and show that a human-like transverse arch was a key step in the evolution of human bipedalism that predates the genus Homo by at least 1.5 million years. This renewed understanding of the foot may improve the clinical treatment of flatfoot disorders, the design of robotic feet and the study of foot function in locomotion.


  
Progressive aridification in East Africa over the last half million years and implications for human evolution 期刊论文
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2018, 115 (44) : 11174-11179
作者:  Owen, R. Bernhart;  Muiruri, Veronica M.;  Lowenstein, Tim K.;  Renaut, Robin W.;  Rabideaux, Nathan;  Luo, Shangde;  Deino, Alan L.;  Sier, Mark J.;  Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume;  McNulty, Emma P.;  Leet, Kennie;  Cohen, Andrew;  Campisano, Christopher;  Deocampo, Daniel;  Shen, Chuan-Chou;  Billingsley, Anne;  Mbuthia, Anthony
收藏  |  浏览/下载:18/0  |  提交时间:2019/11/27
Quaternary  paleoclimate  paleolimnology  hominins  Lake Magadi