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Olfactory sniffing signals consciousness in unresponsive patients with brain injuries 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020
作者:  Hellmuth, Susanne;  Gomez-H, Laura;  Pendas, Alberto M.;  Stemmann, Olaf
收藏  |  浏览/下载:22/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

After severe brain injury, it can be difficult to determine the state of consciousness of a patient, to determine whether the patient is unresponsive or perhaps minimally conscious(1), and to predict whether they will recover. These diagnoses and prognoses are crucial, as they determine therapeutic strategies such as pain management, and can underlie end-of-life decisions(2,3). Nevertheless, there is an error rate of up to 40% in determining the state of consciousness in patients with brain injuries(4,5). Olfaction relies on brain structures that are involved in the basic mechanisms of arousal(6), and we therefore hypothesized that it may serve as a biomarker for consciousness(7). Here we use a non-verbal non-task-dependent measure known as the sniff response(8-11) to determine consciousness in patients with brain injuries. By measuring odorant-dependent sniffing, we gain a sensitive measure of olfactory function(10-15). We measured the sniff response repeatedly over time in patients with severe brain injuries and found that sniff responses significantly discriminated between unresponsive and minimally conscious states at the group level. Notably, at the single-patient level, if an unresponsive patient had a sniff response, this assured future regaining of consciousness. In addition, olfactory sniff responses were associated with long-term survival rates. These results highlight the importance of olfaction in human brain function, and provide an accessible tool that signals consciousness and recovery in patients with brain injuries.


Odorant-dependent sniff responses predicted the long-term survival rates of patients with severe brain injury, and discriminated between individuals who were unresponsive and in minimally conscious states.


  
A claustrum in reptiles and its role in slow-wave sleep 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 578 (7795) : 413-+
作者:  Loubeyre, Paul;  Occelli, Florent;  Dumas, Paul
收藏  |  浏览/下载:30/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The mammalian claustrum, owing to its widespread connectivity with other forebrain structures, has been hypothesized to mediate functions that range from decision-making to consciousness(1). Here we report that a homologue of the claustrum, identified by single-cell transcriptomics and viral tracing of connectivity, also exists in a reptile-the Australian bearded dragon Pogona vitticeps. In Pogona, the claustrum underlies the generation of sharp waves during slow-wave sleep. The sharp waves, together with superimposed high-frequency ripples(2), propagate to the entire neighbouring pallial dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR). Unilateral or bilateral lesions of the claustrum suppress the production of sharp-wave ripples during slow-wave sleep in a unilateral or bilateral manner, respectively, but do not affect the regular and rapidly alternating sleep rhythm that is characteristic of sleep in this species(3). The claustrum is thus not involved in the generation of the sleep rhythm itself. Tract tracing revealed that the reptilian claustrum projects widely to a variety of forebrain areas, including the cortex, and that it receives converging inputs from, among others, areas of the mid- and hindbrain that are known to be involved in wake-sleep control in mammals(4-6). Periodically modulating the concentration of serotonin in the claustrum, for example, caused a matching modulation of sharp-wave production there and in the neighbouring DVR. Using transcriptomic approaches, we also identified a claustrum in the turtle Trachemys scripta, a distant reptilian relative of lizards. The claustrum is therefore an ancient structure that was probably already present in the brain of the common vertebrate ancestor of reptiles and mammals. It may have an important role in the control of brain states owing to the ascending input it receives from the mid- and hindbrain, its widespread projections to the forebrain and its role in sharp-wave generation during slow-wave sleep.


A structure homologous to the mammalian claustrum exists in reptiles and has a role in generating sharp waves in the brain during slow-wave sleep.


  
Green schools in Taiwan - Effects on student sustainability consciousness 期刊论文
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS, 2019, 54: 184-194
作者:  Olsson, Daniel;  Gericke, Niklas;  Boeve-de Pauw, Jelle;  Berglund, Teresa;  Chang, Tzuchau
收藏  |  浏览/下载:12/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/09
Adolescent dip  Education for sustainable development  Gender gap  Green schools  Sustainability consciousness  
Mindsets for Sustainability: Exploring the Link Between Mindfulness and Sustainable Climate Adaptation 期刊论文
ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, 2018, 151: 55-61
作者:  Warnsler, Christine;  Brink, Ebba
收藏  |  浏览/下载:14/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/09
Climate change adaptation  Risk reduction  Mindfulness  Wellbeing  Inner transition  Inner transformation  Interiority  Worldviews  Values  Religion  Spirituality  Consciousness  Pro-environmental behaviour  Pro-social behaviour  Sustainability