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Primate inferotemporal cortex contains a coarse map of object space consisting of four networks, identified using functional imaging, electrophysiology and deep networks.

The inferotemporal (IT) cortex is responsible for object recognition, but it is unclear how the representation of visual objects is organized in this part of the brain. Areas that are selective for categories such as faces, bodies, and scenes have been found(1-5), but large parts of IT cortex lack any known specialization, raising the question of what general principle governs IT organization. Here we used functional MRI, microstimulation, electrophysiology, and deep networks to investigate the organization of macaque IT cortex. We built a low-dimensional object space to describe general objects using a feedforward deep neural network trained on object classification(6). Responses of IT cells to a large set of objects revealed that single IT cells project incoming objects onto specific axes of this space. Anatomically, cells were clustered into four networks according to the first two components of their preferred axes, forming a map of object space. This map was repeated across three hierarchical stages of increasing view invariance, and cells that comprised these maps collectively harboured sufficient coding capacity to approximately reconstruct objects. These results provide a unified picture of IT organization in which category-selective regions are part of a coarse map of object space whose dimensions can be extracted from a deep network.

Elucidating elementary mechanisms that underlie bacterial diversity is central to ecology(1,2) and microbiome research(3). Bacteria are known to coexist by metabolic specialization(4), cooperation(5) and cyclic warfare(6-8). Many species are also motile(9), which is studied in terms of mechanism(10,11), benefit(12,13), strategy(14,15), evolution(16,17) and ecology(18,19). Indeed, bacteria often compete for nutrient patches that become available periodically or by random disturbances(2,20,21). However, the role of bacterial motility in coexistence remains unexplored experimentally. Here we show that-for mixed bacterial populations that colonize nutrient patches-either population outcompetes the other when low in relative abundance. This inversion of the competitive hierarchy is caused by active segregation and spatial exclusion within the patch: a small fast-moving population can outcompete a large fast-growing population by impeding its migration into the patch, while a small fast-growing population can outcompete a large fast-moving population by expelling it from the initial contact area. The resulting spatial segregation is lost for weak growth-migration trade-offs and a lack of virgin space, but is robust to population ratio, density and chemotactic ability, and is observed in both laboratory and wild strains. These findings show that motility differences and their trade-offs with growth are sufficient to promote diversity, and suggest previously undescribed roles for motility in niche formation and collective expulsion-containment strategies beyond individual search and survival.

In mixed bacterial populations that colonize nutrient patches, a growth-migration trade-off can lead to spatial exclusion that provides an advantage to populations that become rare, thereby stabilizing the community.