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Intensive farming drives long-term shifts in avian community composition 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 579 (7799) : 393-+
作者:  Oh, Eugene;  Mark, Kevin G.;  Mocciaro, Annamaria;  Watson, Edmond R.;  Prabu, J. Rajan;  Cha, Denny D.;  Kampmann, Martin;  Gamarra, Nathan;  Zhou, Coral Y.;  Rape, Michael
收藏  |  浏览/下载:15/0  |  提交时间:2020/05/13

Variation in vegetation and climate affects the long-term changes in bird communities in intensive-agriculture habitats, but not in diversified-agriculture or natural-forest habitats, by changing the local colonization and extinction rates.


Agricultural practices constitute both the greatest cause of biodiversity loss and the greatest opportunity for conservation(1,2), given the shrinking scope of protected areas in many regions. Recent studies have documented the high levels of biodiversity-across many taxa and biomes-that agricultural landscapes can support over the short term(1,3,4). However, little is known about the long-term effects of alternative agricultural practices on ecological communities(4,5) Here we document changes in bird communities in intensive-agriculture, diversified-agriculture and natural-forest habitats in 4 regions of Costa Rica over a period of 18 years. Long-term directional shifts in bird communities were evident in intensive- and diversified-agricultural habitats, but were strongest in intensive-agricultural habitats, where the number of endemic and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List species fell over time. All major guilds, including those involved in pest control, pollination and seed dispersal, were affected. Bird communities in intensive-agricultural habitats proved more susceptible to changes in climate, with hotter and drier periods associated with greater changes in community composition in these settings. These findings demonstrate that diversified agriculture can help to alleviate the long-term loss of biodiversity outside natural protected areas(1).


  
Global conservation of species' niches 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7802) : 232-+
作者:  Guo, Xiaoyan;  Aviles, Giovanni;  Liu, Yi;  Tian, Ruilin;  Unger, Bret A.;  Lin, Yu-Hsiu T.;  Wiita, Arun P.;  Xu, Ke;  Correia, M. Almira;  Kampmann, Martin
收藏  |  浏览/下载:29/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Environmental change is rapidly accelerating, and many species will need to adapt to survive(1). Ensuring that protected areas cover populations across a broad range of environmental conditions could safeguard the processes that lead to such adaptations(1-3). However, international conservation policies have largely neglected these considerations when setting targets for the expansion of protected areas(4). Here we show that-of 19,937 vertebrate species globally(5-8)-the representation of environmental conditions across their habitats in protected areas (hereafter, niche representation) is inadequate for 4,836 (93.1%) amphibian, 8,653 (89.5%) bird and 4,608 (90.9%) terrestrial mammal species. Expanding existing protected areas to cover these gaps would encompass 33.8% of the total land surface-exceeding the current target of 17% that has been adopted by governments. Priority locations for expanding the system of protected areas to improve niche representation occur in global biodiversity hotspots(9), including Colombia, Papua New Guinea, South Africa and southwest China, as well as across most of the major land masses of the Earth. Conversely, we also show that planning for the expansion of protected areas without explicitly considering environmental conditions would marginally reduce the land area required to 30.7%, but that this would lead to inadequate niche representation for 7,798 (39.1%) species. As the governments of the world prepare to renegotiate global conservation targets, policymakers have the opportunity to help to maintain the adaptive potential of species by considering niche representation within protected areas(1,2).


Protected areas would need to expand to 33.8% of the total land surface to adequately represent environmental conditions across the habitats of amphibians, birds and terrestrial mammals, far exceeding the current 17% target.


  
Early Holocene crop cultivation and landscape modification in Amazonia 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 581 (7807) : 190-+
作者:  Hendershot, J. Nicholas;  Smith, Jeffrey R.;  Anderson, Christopher B.;  Letten, Andrew D.;  Frishkoff, Luke O.;  Zook, Jim R.;  Fukami, Tadashi;  Daily, Gretchen C.
收藏  |  浏览/下载:32/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

The onset of plant cultivation is one of the most important cultural transitions in human history(1-4). Southwestern Amazonia has previously been proposed as an early centre of plant domestication, on the basis of molecular markers that show genetic similarities between domesticated plants and wild relatives(4-6). However, the nature of the early human occupation of southwestern Amazonia, and the history of plant cultivation in this region, are poorly understood. Here we document the cultivation of squash (Cucurbita sp.) at about 10,250 calibrated years before present (cal. yr bp), manioc (Manihot sp.) at about 10,350 cal. yr bp and maize (Zea mays) at about 6,850 cal. yr bp, in the Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia). We show that, starting at around 10,850 cal. yr bp, inhabitants of this region began to create a landscape that ultimately comprised approximately 4,700 artificial forest islands within a treeless, seasonally flooded savannah. Our results confirm that the Llanos de Moxos is a hotspot for early plant cultivation and demonstrate that-ever since their arrival in Amazonia-humans have markedly altered the landscape, with lasting repercussions for habitat heterogeneity and species conservation.


  
Where I work Andrew Digby 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 580 (7804) : 556-556
作者:  Archard, David;  Dabrock, Peter;  Delfraissy, Jean-Francois
收藏  |  浏览/下载:3/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Andrew Digby works to protect the kakapo, a critically endangered and charismatic New Zealand species of parrot.


Andrew Digby works to protect the kakapo, a critically endangered and charismatic New Zealand species of parrot.


  
Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020
作者:  Kim, Eugene;  Kerssemakers, Jacob;  Shaltiel, Indra A.;  Haering, Christian H.;  Dekker, Cees
收藏  |  浏览/下载:19/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Tracking data from 17 marine predator species in the Southern Ocean are used to identify Areas of Ecological Significance, the protection of which could help to mitigate increasing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.


Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change(1,2). Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40 degrees S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.


  
Biodiversity theory backed by island bird data 期刊论文
NATURE, 2020, 579 (7797) : 36-37
作者:  AlQuraishi, Mohammed
收藏  |  浏览/下载:7/0  |  提交时间:2020/07/03

Analysis of a unique global data set reveals how the species diversity of birds is affected by the properties of archipelagos and offers a way to test an influential theory. Has this improved our understanding of island biodiversity patterns?


  
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids link H3K4me3 modifiers to C. elegans lifespan 期刊论文
NATURE, 2017, 544 (7649) : 185-+
作者:  Han, Shuo;  Schroeder, Elizabeth A.;  Silva-Garica, Carlos G.;  Hebestreit, Katja;  Mair, William B.;  Brunet, Anne
收藏  |  浏览/下载:6/0  |  提交时间:2019/04/09