Energy transition faces two fundamental challenges. One is geopolitical. There is the persisting difficulty in the US to get Congressional approval for substantial public funding to mitigate climate change. There is legitimate concern about what could happen if the Republicans gain control of the Congress and the White House, and their attitude towards climate change doesn't change. Then China, though very well positioned in new green technologies, is anxious about maintaining its competitive advantage in manufacturing. The other challenge is from the political power of the fossil fuel industry whose commercial interests and very survival require that the transition does not acquire momentum. They seem to be driving the Republican position in the US. Large fossil fuel producing and exporting economies face the same conundrum.