| 英文摘要 | In August 2011, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe signed a treaty to create the Kavango Zambezi (KAZA) Transfrontier Conservation Area (or Peace Park)—the world's largest transboundary terrestrial conservation area—to protect the region's biodiversity and cultural resources and to alleviate poverty ([ 1 ][1], [ 2 ][2]). Ten years later, the five KAZA countries have made great strides, but the habitat connectivity that KAZA's wildlife requires for long-term ecological viability ([ 3 ][3]) remains in question. If key wildlife movement corridors are not reopened and secured, the vision of KAZA's wildlife providing benefits to the people of the region in perpetuity may not be realized.
KAZA is home to the majority (at least 220,000) of what is left of Africa's elephants ([ 4 ][4]), and perhaps no other species better demonstrates the need for KAZA to be a truly connected landscape. In northern Botswana's Ngamiland District, home of the Okavango Delta (a World Heritage site), where the elephant population continues to grow, thousands of elephants are increasingly bottled up between villages and vast livestock disease control fences that prevent them from moving through nearby Namibia into Angola and Zambia ([ 4 ][4], [ 5 ][5]). Decreasing pressure on Ngamiland's elephants is crucial to reducing the human-elephant conflict that is unfortunately becoming more and more common ([ 5 ][5]).
Six wildlife dispersal areas, or habitat corridors, have been identified as critical to securing a long-term future for KAZA's iconic wilderness and species ([ 6 ][6]). However, the most important of these corridors, including those that connect Ngamiland to other key parts of KAZA, remain compromised by fences, many of which were put in place decades ago to control animal disease ([ 7 ][7]) but no longer necessarily serve their original purpose. Today, risks associated with foot and mouth disease can be managed by focusing on biosecurity across the beef production process ([ 8 ][8]), and contagious bovine pleural pneumonia is no longer the threat that it was in the mid-1990s ([ 9 ][9]).
Neither the livestock nor wildlife sector should dominate the other. Instead, now is the time to make land-use decisions that will be socially, ecologically, and economically sustainable for generations to come ([ 10 ][10]).
1. [↵][11]Peace Parks Foundation, “KAZA Treaty Signed” (2011); [www.peaceparks.org/kaza-treaty-signed/][12].
2. [↵][13]Kavango Zambezi: Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) (2019); .
3. [↵][14]1. A. Brennan et al
., J. Appl. Ecol. 57, 1700 (2020).
[OpenUrl][15]
4. [↵][16]KAZA TFCA, “Strategic Planning Framework for the Conservation and Management of Elephants in the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area” (2019); [www.kavangozambezi.org/en/publications-2019][17].
5. [↵][18]1. L. Redmore et al
., Ecol. Soc. 25, 27 (2020).
[OpenUrl][19]
6. [↵][20]Southern African Development Community TFCA Network, “Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) Master Integrated Development Plan” (2016); .
7. [↵][21]1. J. E, Mbaiwa,
2. O. Mbaiwa
, Int. J. Wildern. 12, 17 (2006).
[OpenUrl][22]
8. [↵][23]1. G. Thomson et al
., Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 60, 492 (2013).
[OpenUrl][24]
9. [↵][25]1. W. Amanfu et al
., Vet. Rec. 143, 46 (1998).
[OpenUrl][26][Abstract/FREE Full Text][27]
10. [↵][28]1. S. A. Osofsky
, J. Wildl. Dis. 55, 755 (2019).
[OpenUrl][29]
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[11]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text"
[12]: http://www.peaceparks.org/kaza-treaty-signed/
[13]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text"
[14]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text"
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[17]: http://www.kavangozambezi.org/en/publications-2019
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