英文摘要 | A recent decision by the government of Mexico to reduce enforcement of illegal fishing in the upper Gulf of California is pushing the vaquita ( Phocoena sinus )—the world's smallest cetacean, endemic to Mexico—toward final extinction ([ 1 ][1]–[ 3 ][2]). Fewer than 10 individual vaquitas remain after decades of devastating bycatch mortality ([ 1 ][1]). Yet Mexico will expose the vaquita to continued risks of injury or death by allowing uncontrolled gillnet fishing for the totoaba, an endangered fish in the vaquita's last habitat sanctuary, the upper Gulf of California World Heritage site ([ 1 ][1], [ 3 ][2]). Mexico's decision will further facilitate the use of totoaba swim bladders in traditional Chinese medicine ([ 4 ][3]). Instead, the country should prioritize its responsibility to the Critically Endangered vaquita ([ 1 ][1]).
Previous attempts to protect this small harbor porpoise have failed, including collecting specimens for captive breeding in 2017 ([ 4 ][3]). Meanwhile, stressors such as vessel strikes, underwater noise, and pollution have increased ([ 4 ][3]–[ 8 ][4]). According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the vaquita is close to being functionally extinct as a result of its high mortality rates and low reproductive output, coupled with its historically low genetic diversity, all of which jeopardize population health ([ 9 ][5], [ 10 ][6]).
The vaquita's essential protection measures decrease illegal fishing in these waters, helping to stabilize the ecosystem's functioning, sustainability, and biodiversity and supporting several of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals ([ 11 ][7]). A complex set of problems drives illegal fishing, including local poverty, local organized crime, and international demand for endangered species. Financial incentives attempted by the Mexican government have proven ineffective ([ 9 ][5], [ 12 ][8]). Mexico should increase enforcement of current regulations that limit fishing in the vaquita's habitat, which are critical to saving this species from extinction ([ 12 ][8]).
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3. [↵][13]“Mexico gives up on maintaining fishing-free zone to protect vaquita porpoise,” Mexico News Daily (2021).
4. [↵][14]1. L. Rojas-Bracho et al
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6. 1. C. H. Ward
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7. 1. W. K. Meyer et al
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[OpenUrl][19][Abstract/FREE Full Text][20]
8. [↵][21]1. G. Ponce-Vélez,
2. G. de la Lanza-Espino
, J. Environ. Protect. 10, 103 (2019).
[OpenUrl][22]
9. [↵][23]Vaquita (IUCN–SSC Cetacean Specialist Group, 2020); .
10. [↵][24]1. P. A. Morin et al
., Mol. Ecol. Resour. 21, 1008 (2021).
[OpenUrl][25]
11. [↵][26]1. C. C. O'Hara et al
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[OpenUrl][27][Abstract/FREE Full Text][28]
12. [↵][29]1. E. C. Alberts
, “In the fight to save the vaquita, conservationists take on cartels,” Mongabay (2021).
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