Bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics

doi:10.1126/science.abj0437

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abj0437
	Bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics
	Yaqi Hou; Xu Hou
	2021-08-06
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2021
英文摘要	In digital computing, functions such as processing and memory require separate components wired together for electronic conduction. Neurons, the functional units equivalent to processor and memory areas, are integrated in the brain and transmit signals through ionic and neurotransmitter conduction. Inspired by the energy-efficient computation architectures from biological systems, on page 687 of this issue, Robin et al. ([ 1 ][1]) used theory and simulations to predict that two-dimensional (2D) nanofluidic channels can show nonlinear conduction and function as memory-effect transistors. By incorporating two nanofluidic memristors in an elementary circuit that refers to Hodgkin and Huxley's model ([ 2 ][2]), the neuromorphic responses of emitting voltage spikes were reproduced in simulations of experimental devices. Although digital computing can execute artificial intelligence (AI) tasks, the very large number of electronic components needed to process information and transmit data leads to intensive energy consumption. A shift in computation from calculation and storage to pattern recognition and other AI tasks also drives the need for more energy-efficient architectures. In conventional electronics, state switching in semiconductors is executed by changing the population of charged electrons and holes, and their drifting and filling behaviors are invariant in time and space once the wires in circuits are connected. In biological systems, ions are the charge carriers. The action potential across cell membranes to transmit data based on the time- and voltage-variant ionic conductivity modulation of ion channels leads to coordination and precise timing of physiological outputs. These outputs range from elementary muscle contractions to high-level mental activities. Despite the dynamic interactions between electrons and ions being a source of various electronic and ionic functionalities in biology, chemistry, and physics, electronics and ionics have developed with different priorities ([ 3 ][3]). In electronics, one goal is to reduce component size of devices in integrated circuits. In ionics, the focus is on realizing sophisticated control of dissolved ions through varieties of materials and structures. The aim is to identify characteristic ionic signals that could interface with and control biological processes in the complex aqueous environment. Iontronics has emerged as a tool for signal processing that combines electronic properties with ionic conductivities. In some of the first transistors, electrolytes were used to control the current flow of semiconductors. The analogous description of the semiconductors and electrolyte solutions led to the development of charge-selective structures that acted as p- or n-type semiconductors, which led to the development of current rectifiers in aqueous solution in the 1950s ([ 4 ][4]). Since then, various materials and structures have been explored to show the diode-like rectification phenomena of electrolytic solutions. The transport of ions passing through nanometer-sized biological channels accounts for a wide array of physiological processes as well as the study of fluids under nanoscale confinement ([ 5 ][5]–[ 7 ][6]). The development of micro- and nanofabrication technologies in the semiconductor industries has provided incisive experimental toolkits for nanofluidics, as well as instruments that can be used for direct imaging and characterization. Guided by the structural variety of ion channels, nanoconfinement with different geometries, both theoretically and experimentally, has resulted in several types of ionic and molecular transport that can be used in iontronics ([ 6 ][7], [ 7 ][6]). For 1D nanoconfinement, asymmetric designs in geometries and inner-surface properties can reproduce diode-like ion rectification ([ 8 ][8]). Biological nanochannels are deformable and dynamic, and curvature-tunable carbon nanotubes have recently been obtained for regulating ionic rectifications in real time ([ 9 ][9]). 2D materials—such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and molybdenum disulfide—provide a route to experimentally accessible 2D nanoconfinement ([ 10 ][10]). Robin et al. suggested that compared with 1D confinement, planar confinement expands translational degrees of freedom for ionic transport and would lead to greater ionic correlation times and potential memory effects. In their theoretical framework, the monolayer electrolyte confined between two graphite layers displays rather slow dynamics that allows for self-association of ions into clusters (ion pairs and polyelectrolyte chains of ion pairs) under an oscillating electric field. This association is stronger with divalent versus monovalent cations (Ca2+ versus Na+) and decreases conductivity. The time needed to form clusters and to dissociate them into conductive free ions in response to voltage changes results in the nonlinear conduction that forms the basis for memristive effects. Thus, in the memristor voltage loops, applying the voltage results in the more linear curves closer to Ohm's law, during which free ions self-associate into clusters. Upon returning to zero voltage, a bigger drop in current is observed because the low conductivity clusters need time to break apart. These 2D-channel–based devices can be used in circuits that generate voltage spike trains analogous to those generated by biological neurons (see the figure). ![Figure][11] Ionic voltage spike trains Robin et al. reproduced the voltage spike trains of the Hodgkin-Huxley neuron model in a simulation of two-dimensional nanofluidic circuits. GRAPHIC: K. FRANKLIN/ SCIENCE Progress in ion-based detection signal processing based on iontronics could have implications for interfacing devices with neural systems. Such devices could have compatible signals with neurons, which could enable lower power operation, and would be compatible with aqueous physiological environments. The theoretical work of Robin et al. should help in the development of wearable or implantable iontronic devices or even neuronal-computer interfaces. 1. [↵][12]1. P. Robin, 2. N. Kavokine, 3. L. Bocquet , Science 373, 687 (2021). [OpenUrl][13][Abstract/FREE Full Text][14] 2. [↵][15]1. A. L. Hodgkin, 2. A. F. Huxley , J. 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[OpenUrl][38][Abstract/FREE Full Text][39] Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (project no. 2018YFA0209500) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52025132 and 21975209). 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
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文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/335571
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Yaqi Hou,Xu Hou. Bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics[J]. Science,2021.
APA	Yaqi Hou,&Xu Hou.(2021).Bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics.Science.
MLA	Yaqi Hou,et al."Bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics".Science (2021).