Restore protected status for gray wolves

doi:10.1126/science.abk2278

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abk2278
	Restore protected status for gray wolves
	P. Kareiva; J. A. Estes; M. Marvier
	2021-08-06
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2021
英文摘要	In January, the US Fish and Wildlife Service terminated Endangered Species Act protections for gray wolves ([ 1 ][1]), with the caveat that a status review to determine whether relisting is warranted could be prompted “if a change in State law or management objectives would significantly increase the threat to the wolf population.” Since the decision, Idaho and Montana have sanctioned the killing of 90% of their wolves ([ 2 ][2]). Those promoting these massive statewide hunts argue that culling wolves is necessary to protect the livelihoods of ranchers from the depredations of livestock. However, these policies put wolves, humans, and ecosystems at risk. Counterintuitively, analyses of lethal wolf control programs indicate that killing wolves may disrupt wolf social structures, leading to more, not fewer, livestock deaths ([ 3 ][3], [ 4 ][4]). In addition, wolves are responsible for at most 1 to 2% of unwanted livestock deaths ([ 5 ][5]). The economic cost of livestock losses attributed to wolves is far outweighed by the economic benefits that wolves provide by controlling deer populations. Smaller deer populations cause fewer deer-automobile collisions, saving human lives and preventing injuries ([ 6 ][6]). Supporters of lethal wolf control also claim that the approved quotas for hunting will not imperil the wolves because their reproduction can easily make up for the losses. However, the hunting limits approved in Montana and Idaho are more than four times the rates of human-caused mortality witnessed in recent decades ([ 1 ][1]) and are reminiscent of the historical massacres that extirpated wolves. The delisting decision ([ 1 ][1]) was based on the observation that wolf population numbers had exceeded the numerical goals laid out in the 1987 recovery plan, specifically the target of more than 10 breeding pairs of wolves in each of three designated management areas. The problem is that these goals are far too low—something that has been noted as an issue not just for wolves but also as a broader problem affecting many species listed in the Endangered Species Act ([ 7 ][7], [ 8 ][8]). In addition, the population target for wolves does not account for the added threat of climate change, the extent of which was not well understood when the recovery plan was written. Wolves are a keystone predator ([ 9 ][9], [ 10 ][10]). For keystone species (such as wolves, beavers, and sea otters) that engineer wild ecosystems, recovery goals should take into account not just the bare minimum survival of the species but also the restoration of the structuring role these species play in their ecosystems ([ 11 ][11]). Recovery goals that are set too low undermine the original intent of the Endangered Species Act. We urge the Department of the Interior to relist gray wolves and to examine recovery goals for all species in light of climate change and essential ecosystem functions. 1. [↵][12]Fish and Wildlife Service, “Removing the gray wolf (Canis lupus) from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife, Rule effective January 4, 2021,” Federal Register 85, 69778 (2020). [OpenUrl][13] 2. [↵][14]1. M. Beck , “Mountain West lawmakers take aim at wolves,” (Boise State Public Radio, 2021); [www.boisestatepublicradio.org/environment/2021-04-22/mountain-west-lawmakers-take-aim-at-wolves][15]. 3. [↵][16]1. R. B. Wielgus, 2. K. A. Peebles , PLOS One 9, e113505 (2014). [OpenUrl][17][CrossRef][18][PubMed][19] 4. [↵][20]1. F. J. Santiago-Avila, 2. A. M. Cornman, 3. A. Treves , PLOS One 13, e0189729 (2018). [OpenUrl][21] 5. [↵][22]The Humane Society of the United States, “Government data confirm that wolves have a negligible effect on U.S. cattle & sheep industries” (2019); [www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/HSUS-Wolf-Livestock-6.Mar_.19Final.pdf][23]. 6. [↵][24]1. J. L. Raynor, 2. C. A. Grainger, 3. D. P. Parker , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 118, e2023251118 (2021). [OpenUrl][25][Abstract/FREE Full Text][26] 7. [↵][27]1. T. H. Tear, 2. J. M. Scott, 3. P. H. Hayward, 4. B. Griffith , Science 262, 976 (1993). [OpenUrl][28][FREE Full Text][29] 8. [↵][30]1. K. A. Pawluk, 2. C. H. Fox, 3. C. N. Service, 4. E. H. Stredulinsky, 5. H. M. Bryan , PLOS One 14, e0224021 (2019). [OpenUrl][31] 9. [↵][32]1. T. D. Gable, 2. S. M. Johnson-Bice, 3. A. T. Homkes, 4. S. K. Windels, 5. J. K. Bump , Sci. Adv. 6, eabc5439 (2020). [OpenUrl][33][FREE Full Text][34] 10. [↵][35]1. C. Eisenberg , The Wolf's Tooth: Keystone Predators, Trophic Cascades, and Biodiversity (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2013). 11. [↵][36]1. M. E. Soulé, 2. J. A. Estes, 3. J. Berger, 4. C. M. Del Rio , Conserv. Biol. 17, 1238 (2003). 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/335558
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	P. Kareiva,J. A. Estes,M. Marvier. Restore protected status for gray wolves[J]. Science,2021.
APA	P. Kareiva,J. A. Estes,&M. Marvier.(2021).Restore protected status for gray wolves.Science.
MLA	P. Kareiva,et al."Restore protected status for gray wolves".Science (2021).