| 英文摘要 | The European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) population has declined by 98% since 1980 ([ 1 ][1]). The trade of European eels requires permits from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and importing and exporting the species have been illegal in the EU since 2010 ([ 2 ][2]). However, illegal export of the eels to Asia continues, and they have been found in major supermarkets across Hong Kong, Malaysia, and China ([ 3 ][3], [ 4 ][4]). Without additional regulations, the European eel population is at risk of collapse ([ 5 ][5]).
Adult European eels breed in the Sargasso Sea. Their larvae travel thousands of kilometers over the course of 2 years to reach the European fresh and brackish waters ([ 1 ][1]), where they mature. After 5 to 20 years, they migrate back to the dense sargassum weed. This complicated metamorphic life cycle puts the population under substantial stress, which is exacerbated by global warming, biotope degradation, pollution, and heavy fishing ([ 6 ][6]–[ 8 ][7]).
In addition to a ban on importing and exporting eels, EU countries must further regulate the fishing of these eels in all their metamorphic stages. In the Baltic countries, fishing for European eels is forbidden from November to February to ensure their population growth, even though these eels are active in Baltic waters from October to November ([ 9 ][8]). Denmark, which harvested 180 tons of commercial eels in 2020 alone, has no restrictions on nor inventory of recreational fishing ([ 10 ][9]). In 2019, the total EU harvest of commercial adult and juvenile eels was more than 2000 tons and 55 tons, respectively, and another 1625 tons were lost to hydropower plants and their pumps ([ 11 ][10]).
To protect the European eel from further decline, the EU must implement either a complete ban or restrictive quotas on harvesting. Conserving this species will help to meet Sustainable Development Goal 14, Life below Water ([ 12 ][11]).
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3. [↵][16]1. J. L. Richards et al
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4. [↵][19]1. P. Galey,
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5. [↵][21]1. E. D. Enbody et al
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6. [↵][24]International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), ICES Sci. Rep. 3, 1 (2021).
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9. [↵][30]The Fisheries Secretariat, “Eel migration report provides insights but also highlights data gaps” (2020); [www.fishsec.org/2020/05/15/eel-migration-report-provides-insights-but-also-highlights-data-gaps/][31].
10. [↵][32]1. C. P. Schirmer
, “The number of young eels dropped by 98 percent: Still, they continue to be fished,” Danmarks Naturfredningsforening (2021); [www.dn.dk/nyheder/antallet-af-unge-al-faldet-med-98-procent-alligevel-bliver-de-stadig-fisket/][33] [in Danish].
11. [↵][34]ICES, “European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) throughout its natural range” (2020); [www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2020/2020/ele.2737.nea.pdf][35].
12. [↵][36]UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Sustainable Development, The 17 Goals (2015); .
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