Local management matters for coral reefs

doi:10.1126/science.abi7286

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abi7286
	Local management matters for coral reefs
	Nancy Knowlton
	2021-05-28
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2021
英文摘要	The ability of corals to build reefs depends on a nutritional symbiosis between the coral animal and intracellular, single-celled microalgae. Coral bleaching is the visual manifestation of a breakdown in this relationship; it is a response to stress, including temperatures 1° to 2°C above normal maxima. Global warming has resulted in sharp increases in the frequency and magnitude of bleaching events ([ 1 ][1]), which have already caused enormous damage to reefs worldwide. However, the importance of other factors in aggravating the effects of high temperatures has been disputed ([ 2 ][2]). On page 977 of this issue, Donovan et al. ([ 3 ][3]) show that the amount of coral loss 1 year after bleaching is highly correlated globally with other aspects of reef health, specifically the abundance of macroalgae and sea urchins. This suggests that local management can help to ameliorate the impacts of marine heatwaves. When high-temperature stress is severe, many corals die quickly even on healthy reefs far from human impacts ([ 4 ][4]). Mortality was catastrophic on remote northern regions of Australia's Great Barrier Reef during the major bleaching event of 2015 to 2016, and local management had little if any effect on short-term outcomes ([ 5 ][5]). However, the potential for environmental conditions to shape patterns of coral survivorship during heatwaves has not been extensively studied in detail. After temperatures return to normal levels [and even sometimes before ([ 6 ][6])], surviving corals can regain their symbionts, and reefs can slowly recover through the growth of these survivors and the establishment of new coral recruits ([ 4 ][4]). Recovery does not always occur, however, because corals weakened by the stress of bleaching may succumb to other factors, such as disease, or recruitment may fail. In St. Croix in the US Virgin Islands, for example, a major bleaching event in 2005 was followed by a disease outbreak that caused a 60% decline in live coral cover ([ 7 ][7]). Given that temperatures will continue to increase for the foreseeable future, it is essential to know whether local management could improve reef prospects. Because poor water quality and overfishing are known to have killed many corals before bleaching became common ([ 8 ][8], [ 9 ][9]), it is widely accepted that reef recovery after bleaching could be improved by facilitating recruitment and regrowth; studies of the recovery of remote or well-managed reefs after bleaching ([ 4 ][4], [ 10 ][10]) support this idea. Unfortunately, however, according to the data from the Great Barrier Reef ([ 5 ][5]), the consensus has been that little could be done through management to reduce initial mortality from bleaching. Recent data from a few locations in the Pacific ([ 6 ][6], [ 11 ][11]) as well as an earlier assessment from the Caribbean ([ 8 ][8]) suggest that this consensus might be too pessimistic. At Kiritimati Atoll, corals that acquired heat-tolerant symbionts after bleaching survived at higher rates, but this only occurred where anthropogenic stress was low ([ 6 ][6]). In Moorea, French Polynesia, higher nitrogen concentrations were associated with a doubling of bleaching severity at low levels of temperature stress ([ 11 ][11]). What Donovan et al. have done is to greatly expand confidence in the hypothesis that local management can make a difference, by performing a global analysis of the environmental factors that increase postbleaching mortality. Their study, based on 223 reefs from the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific, documents substantially higher coral loss in the year after bleaching on reefs with high abundances of macroalgae and sea urchins, which are typically associated with overfishing and nutrient pollution. Because 1 year is likely too short a time to detect recovery from regrowth and recruitment ([ 4 ][4]), the higher loss rates must largely reflect mortality either during or shortly after the bleaching event. The effects described are highly important ecologically. For example, at some levels of heat stress, reefs with more macroalgae experience a 10-fold increase in mortality. In contrast to the earlier documentation of the effect of nitrogen on bleaching severity ([ 11 ][11]), the strength of the negative effect of macroalgae increases with the severity of the bleaching event. The data used in this study, from the Reef Check database, come from relatively simple reef surveys conducted by community and professional scientists and thus do not address the mechanisms underpinning these correlations. However, as the authors note, macroalgae are known to be detrimental to corals in a number of ways, and a variety of mechanisms could be responsible for the patterns observed. The relationship with sea urchin abundance is somewhat more surprising, because urchins, particularly in the Caribbean, are known to protect corals from overgrowth by macroalgae at moderate densities; hence, this probably reflects the negative impacts of extremely high amounts of grazing associated with urchin “barrens.” Better understanding of the mechanisms underpinning these and other patterns reported in this study will help to refine management approaches during the coming decade, when many reefs will continue to struggle. Despite the doom and gloom of media reports on the state of the ocean, and the enormous challenges that remain, there is growing recognition that marine conservation actions have had measurable success ([ 12 ][12], [ 13 ][13]). Indeed, local actions can not only minimize damage from warming, but provide biodiversity and food-security benefits as well ([ 12 ][12], [ 14 ][14]). This does not mean that taking the appropriate steps to, for example, reduce macroalgae and sea urchin abundance is easy in practice. Genuine stakeholder engagement is essential for conservation success ([ 15 ][15]); this is not simply a matter of resources, because establishing the required trust among stakeholders takes time and effort. The urgent need to slow and reverse climate change to save reefs from ecological extinction is also clear. During upcoming global negotiations, governments should remember that in addition to setting ambitious targets for lowering greenhouse gas emissions, empowering local communities to manage reef (and other) marine resources is an important strategy to reduce the negative impacts of climate change. 1. [↵][16]1. T. P. Hughes et al ., Science 359, 80 (2018). [OpenUrl][17][Abstract/FREE Full Text][18] 2. [↵][19]1. A. Abelson , ICES J. Mar. Sci. 77, 40 (2020). [OpenUrl][20][CrossRef][21] 3. [↵][22]1. M. K. Donovan et al ., Science 372, 977 (2021). [OpenUrl][23][Abstract/FREE Full Text][24] 4. [↵][25]1. J. P. Gilmour et al ., Science 340, 69 (2013). [OpenUrl][26][Abstract/FREE Full Text][27] 5. [↵][28]1. T. P. Hughes et al ., Nature 543, 373 (2017). [OpenUrl][29][CrossRef][30][PubMed][31] 6. [↵][32]1. D. C. Claar et al ., Nat. Commun. 11, 6097 (2020). [OpenUrl][33] 7. [↵][34]1. J. Miller et al ., Coral Reefs 28, 925 (2009). [OpenUrl][35][CrossRef][36][Web of Science][37] 8. [↵][38]1. J. B. 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/328851
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Nancy Knowlton. Local management matters for coral reefs[J]. Science,2021.
APA	Nancy Knowlton.(2021).Local management matters for coral reefs.Science.
MLA	Nancy Knowlton."Local management matters for coral reefs".Science (2021).