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About 450 million years ago, the first plants left the water to live on land. To do this, they had to adapt to the aridity of the land. In the 1980s, the study of fossils led to the hypothesis that a plant-fungus alliance may have been at the origin of plant vegetation. It has just been confirmed by an international research team₁ led by French scientists₂.

To understand life in the past, researchers had to study present-day plants. These fall into one of two main categories: vascular plants with stems and roots, and non-vascular plants such as mosses, called bryophytes.

Most plants live in symbiosis with fungi, whereby the two organisms exchange resources in a mutually beneficial way. Previous studies have shown the existence of genes that are essential for the proper functioning of this symbiosis, particularly in vascular plants. Here, scientists focused on a bryophyte resembling a succulent plant (see image), for which such genes had not yet been studied: Marchantia paleacea.

By studying M. paleacea, they were able to demonstrate a lipid transfer between the plant and the fungus similar to that observed in vascular plants. By adapting the use of CRISPR, a molecular tool that allows DNA to be cleaved precisely, they were then able to modify a gene predicted as "symbiotic." As in vascular plants, the interruption of lipid exchange between the plant and the fungus leads to symbiosis failure in the bryophyte.

The common ancestor of these two groups of plants, which colonised dry land, must therefore have exchanged lipids with the fungus, as do the plants of today. Thus, 450 million years later, one of the secrets of life's first steps on land has finally been elucidated.

Notes

1- Numerous international collaborators contributed to this study, including the University of Cologne and the CIBSS -- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies at the University of Freiburg in Germany; the University of Cambridge in the UK; the University of Zurich in Switzerland; and the University of Tohoku in Japan.

2- Teams from the Laboratoire de recherche en sciences végétales RSV (CNRS/Université de Toulouse III -- Paul Sabatier); the Agrobiosciences, Interactions and Biodiversity Research Federation (CNRS/Toulouse INP/Université de Toulouse III -- Paul Sabatier/INRAE); the Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions (LIPM) (CNRS/INRAE), and the Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (Inserm/Université de Toulouse III -- Paul Sabatier) are involved.

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Journal Reference:

1. Mélanie K. Rich, Nicolas Vigneron, Cyril Libourel, Jean Keller, Li Xue, Mohsen Hajheidhari, Guru V. Radhakrishnan, Aurélie Le Ru, Issa S Diop, Giacomo Potente, Elena Conti, Danny Duijsings, Aurélie Batut, Pauline Le Faouder, Kyoichi Kodama, Junko Kyozuka, Erika Sallet, Guillaume Bécard, Marta Rodrigez-Franco, Thomas Ott, Justine Bertrand-Michel, Giles ED Oldroyd, Péter Szövényi, Marcel Bucher and Pierre-Marc Delaux. Lipid exchanges drove the evolution of mutualism during plant terrestrialization. Science, 2021 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg0929