Ecological stasis on geological time scales

doi:10.1126/science.abh2853

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abh2853
	Ecological stasis on geological time scales
	Peter D. Roopnarine; Roxanne M. W. Banker
	2021-04-16
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2021
英文摘要	The rise and decline of organismal lineages dominate our view of life's history. Less appreciated is the persistence of ecological communities for tens of millions of years ([ 1 ][1]). On p. 300 of this issue, Blanco et al. ([ 2 ][2]), analyzing a series of mammalian faunas spanning the past 21 million years of the Iberian Peninsula, demonstrate increasing persistence of functional systems over time and the decoupling of those systems from species composition and duration. This study adds to a growing body of evidence that community structure is fundamentally important to ecosystem persistence ([ 3 ][3]). The Blanco et al. study spans a time of dynamic environmental changes. Mild climates of the middle Miocene contributed to the expansion of forest habitats on the peninsula and the immigration of Eurasian faunas ([ 4 ][4]), followed by a transition to more seasonal climates and the expansion of grasslands ([ 5 ][5]). The authors defined 169 communities with an average duration of 0.1 million years. Species within each community were aggregated into functional units according to body size, diet, and locomotion. Applying a network-based approach, they identified taxonomic and functional modules shared across communities based on significantly co-occurring species or functional traits, respectively. Durations of taxonomic modules were brief—0.9 million years on average. Functional modules, however, were more persistent, having a mean span of 2.8 million years. Three long-lived communities, identified on the basis of shared faunal modules and called “functional faunas,” subdivide the data temporally. These successive faunas lasted 2.58 million, 4.66 million, and 9.37 million years, respectively, representing associations of functional traits that persisted against backdrops of high species turnover. Species turnover occurred only within each fauna's functional structure. The authors interpret this as structure excluding new species on the basis of their functional traits. The transition between functional faunas was in each case associated with major climatic shifts, extinction, and the introduction of new species with functional traits more suited to the new climatic conditions. Extinction rates were not increased during transitions, and species extinctions were more dependent on collapsing functional structures. Furthermore, the transitions between faunas were abrupt. There were no transient or intermediate faunas to suggest that new faunas were reorganizations of their predecessors rather than replacements. ![Figure][6] Intervals of static ecological associations at multiple scales Persistent communities can be seen at multiple taxonomic and temporal scales: Devonian ([ 9 ][7]), Permian-Triassic ([ 6 ][8]), and the past 21 million years (Blanco et al. ). Times for persistent communities are not to scale. Vertical bars show transitions between communities, and patterned intervals are post–mass extinction transitional systems. GRAPHIC: KELLIE HOLOSKI/ SCIENCE Blanco et al. bolster ideas that the addition of new species to a system, and the extinction of species during crises, are dictated by existing functional structures ([ 6 ][8]). Indeed, it has been suggested that system dynamics act as agents of selection on species within a system ([ 7 ][9]). Although transitional faunas were absent in the Iberian series, the transition between persistent end-Permian and Middle Triassic terrestrial communities in the Karoo Basin of South Africa was marked by several short-lived communities ([ 6 ][8]). Models of those systems suggest that they would have been unstable and easily replaced by alternatively structured systems, which they were by the Middle Triassic. Their geological transience, however, corresponds to tens of millennia, suggesting that functionally “inferior” systems can persist for considerable intervals on ecological time scales. Species' functional properties both affect and are affected by the network in which they are embedded. Species' evolution may therefore be constrained by the systems to which they belong. System persistence itself is likely the result of diffuse coevolutionary interactions ([ 8 ][10]) that developed over long, abiotically stable intervals. Differential persistence between systems is based on functional diversity ([ 2 ][2]), functional redundancy, and the configuration of interactions among functions ([ 6 ][8]). Features determining the processes and feedbacks of a system may ultimately subject systems to selection ([ 9 ][7]), from which patterns of persistence emerge. The shortest-lived types of persistent systems are those based on unchanging taxonomic composition ([ 10 ][11]). A hierarchy emerges, however, when definitions are broadened to include ecological traits and processes (see the figure). The largest are Sepkoski's marine evolutionary faunas ([ 11 ][12]), followed by the ecologic evolutionary units of Boucot and Sheehan ([ 1 ][1], [ 12 ][13], [ 13 ][14]). Regardless of the hierarchical level at which a system is defined, common features exist across multiple scales when systems are defined functionally and ecologically: Systems last longer than species ([ 12 ][13], [ 13 ][14]), and species turnover is more rapid and often decoupled from system persistence. The end of a system is marked by species extinction, which is often associated with external abiotic drivers ([ 1 ][1]). Transitions between systems are abrupt relative to typical system duration, marked either by the absence of structurally intermediate systems, as shown by Blanco et al. , or by new systems of short duration ([ 6 ][8]). Thus, persistent paleoecological systems warrant examination beyond genealogical dynamics, but documentation and analysis using the fossil record are challenging, leaving outstanding questions. How do persistent systems arise, why do they eventually fail ([ 6 ][8]), and why are some more persistent than others ([ 8 ][10])? Addressing these questions from a systems-based perspective is key to understanding processes of community assembly and persistence that exist across hierarchical, temporal, geographical, and spatial scales. 1. [↵][15]1. P. M. Sheehan , Geol. J. 36, 231 (2001). [OpenUrl][16] 2. [↵][17]1. F. Blanco et al ., Science 372, 300 (2021). [OpenUrl][18][Abstract/FREE Full Text][19] 3. [↵][20]1. M. Loreau , From Populations to Ecosystems: Theoretical Foundations of New Ecological Synthesis (Princeton Univ. Press, 2010). 4. [↵][21]1. J. L. Cantalapiedra, 2. M. S. Domingo, 3. L. Domingo , Sci. Rep. 8, 13413 (2018). [OpenUrl][22][CrossRef][23][PubMed][24] 5. [↵][25]1. J. T. Eronen et al ., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 11867 (2009). [OpenUrl][26][Abstract/FREE Full Text][27] 6. [↵][28]1. P. D. Roopnarine, 2. K. D. Angielczyk, 3. A. Weik, 4. A. Dineen , Earth Sci. Rev. 189, 244 (2019). [OpenUrl][29] 7. [↵][30]1. P. D. Roopnarine, 2. K. D. Angielczyk , in Evolutionary Theory. A Hierarchical Perspective (Univ. of Chicago Press, 2016), chap. 13. 8. [↵][31]1. T. M. Lenton et al ., Trends Ecol. Evol. 36, 333 (2021). [OpenUrl][32] 9. [↵][33]1. L. R. Fox , Ecol. 69, 906 (1988). [OpenUrl][34] 10. [↵][35]1. C. E. Brett, 2. L. C. Ivany, 3. K. M. Schopf , Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 127, 1 (1996). [OpenUrl][36][CrossRef][37][GeoRef][38][Web of Science][39] 11. [↵][40]1. J. J. Sepkoski Jr. , Bull. Am. Paleontol. 363, 1 (2002). [OpenUrl][41] 12. [↵][42]1. A. J. Boucot , J. Paleontol. 51, 1 (1983). [OpenUrl][43] 13. [↵][44]1. P. M. Sheehan , Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 127, 21 (1996). 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
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引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/322884
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Peter D. Roopnarine,Roxanne M. W. Banker. Ecological stasis on geological time scales[J]. Science,2021.
APA	Peter D. Roopnarine,&Roxanne M. W. Banker.(2021).Ecological stasis on geological time scales.Science.
MLA	Peter D. Roopnarine,et al."Ecological stasis on geological time scales".Science (2021).