| 英文摘要 | Pangolins are the world's most trafficked mammal, with trade epicenters in West and Central Africa, China, and Vietnam ([ 1 ][1]). The annual traditional medicine demand for pangolin scales requires about 200,000 animals ([ 2 ][2]). In January, tons of pangolin scales bound for Vietnam were confiscated in Nigeria ([ 3 ][3]). As a result of the staggering frequency of illegal hunting and trading, along with ecosystem deterioration and human activities that have caused inbreeding and deleterious mutations, all eight pangolin species are designated as at least Vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List ([ 4 ][4]–[ 7 ][5]), and the Chinese pangolin ( Manis pentadactyla ) is Critically Endangered. In June 2020 and again in February, China made progress by upgrading pangolins to Class I species on its List of Wild Animals Under State Priority Conservation and removing their scales from the list of traditional medicine ([ 2 ][2], [ 8 ][6]). We must seize the momentum from China's heightened protection to carry conservation of pangolins forward.
The prevention of pangolin poaching and biotope devastation in Africa and Asia ([ 8 ][6]) cannot be implemented through national penalties and fines alone. Because illegal poaching and trade of pangolins cross national borders, only a multilateral and transboundary partnership has the potential to effectively curtail the practice [e.g., ([ 9 ][7])]. An interdisciplinary collaboration must be formed that includes nongovernmental organizations, the IUCN, and scientists. This coalition should promote local education and support environmentally sustainable behavior in the species' last sanctuaries.
Taking action would help meet UN Sustainable Development Goal 15 (biodiversity for life on land) ([ 10 ][8]). If such holistic measures toward protection are not taken, the misuse of pangolins in Asian traditional medicine will continue, along with the potential for zoonotic pandemics and the possible extinction of pangolin species ([ 7 ][5], [ 11 ][9], [ 12 ][10]).
1. [↵][11]United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “World Wildlife Crime Report 2020: Trafficking in protected species” (2020), chap. 4; [www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/wildlife/2020/WWLC20\_Chapter\_4_Pangolin.pdf][12].
2. [↵][13]1. M. Standaert
, “China raises protection for pangolins by removing scales from medicine list,” The Guardian (2020); [www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/09/china-protect-pangolins-removing-scales-medicine-list-aoe][14].
3. [↵][15]Phys.org, “Nigeria seizes pangolin scales bound for Vietnam” (2021); .
4. [↵][16]1. J. Y. Hu et al
., Natl. Sci. Rev. 7, 798 (2020).
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5. 1. M. K. Boakye et al
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6. 1. Y. Liu et al
., Science 345, 884 (2014).
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7. [↵][21]1. D. Challender et al
., “Manis pentadactyla” (The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2019): .
8. [↵][22]1. K. Obermann
, “A new hope for China's endangered animals,” SupChina (2021); .
9. [↵][23]Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, “Partnership against poaching and illegal wildlife trade in Africa and Asia” (2021); [www.giz.de/en/worldwide/66553.html][24].
10. [↵][25]United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals (2015); [www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/][26].
11. [↵][27]1. A. Yee
, Science 363, 1142 (2019).
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12. [↵][30]1. H. Wang et al
., Science 367, 1435 (2020).
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