How mice feel each other's pain or fear

doi:10.1126/science.abf5940

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abf5940
	How mice feel each other's pain or fear
	Alexandra S. Klein; Nadine Gogolla
	2021-01-08
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2021
英文摘要	Empathic behaviors play crucial roles in human society by regulating social interactions, promoting cooperation toward a common goal, and providing the basis for moral decision-making ([ 1 ][1], [ 2 ][2]). Understanding the neural basis of empathy is crucial to understanding not only the human mind but also the neural mechanisms that give rise to social behaviors and the principles of our societies. Functional imaging studies in humans have identified essential brain regions that are engaged when people empathize with the affective experiences of others. However, human neuroimaging studies provide only limited spatial resolution and are solely correlative in nature. It has thus remained unclear how empathy with distinct affective experiences is set apart within the brain. On page 153 of this issue, Smith et al. ([ 3 ][3]) investigated the social transfer of pain, pain relief, or fear in mice to address how the sharing of diverse affective states is differentiated within the brain. Although long thought of as an exclusively human ability, a basic requirement for empathy is “the ability to share the affective state of others” ([ 4 ][4], [ 5 ][5]). It was proposed that empathy can be viewed as a multilevel process, in which the simplest form—namely, adopting another's affective state (emotion contagion)—lies at the core of all empathic behaviors. More complex levels of empathy, including prosocial behaviors and learning from the state of the other, evolved later and build on this core of affect sharing ([ 4 ][4], [ 5 ][5]). According to this definition, there is ample evidence that many animal species exhibit primitive forms of empathy, suggesting that the building blocks of human empathy are deeply rooted in evolution. ![Figure][6] Empathy circuits in mice Smith et al. induced three different affective states in demonstrator mice and investigated the neuronal pathways required in the observer mice to share the diverse affective states of the other. Although the pathway from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was essential for the transfer of both pain and pain relief, a neuronal pathway from the ACC to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) mediated the social transfer of fear. GRAPHIC: KELLIE HOLOSKI/ SCIENCE To date, numerous studies have demonstrated that rodents also express empathic behaviors, including emotion contagion, but also observational affective learning, or prosocial behaviors such as consolation or helping behaviors ([ 6 ][7]–[ 8 ][8]). Furthermore, homologous brain regions have consistently been described to underlie empathy in humans and animals. One of the most consistently found brain regions in humans and rodents, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), has been shown to be involved when empathizing with different sensory and affective states, including pain, disgust, or fear ([ 9 ][9]–[ 14 ][10]). However, whether the ACC contributes to discrimination of the transfer of different affective states that elicit distinct empathic behaviors is an important unanswered issue. Smith et al. demonstrate that the social transfer of pain or fear are mediated by two separate projections from the ACC to distinct subcortical targets in mice (see the figure). Social transfer of pain refers to the phenomenon that a brief exposure to a conspecific (an animal of the same species) who is experiencing pain will lead to a transfer of the same emotion state to the observer. As a result, the observer, who has not experienced any pain itself, is more sensitive to painful stimuli and experiences pain more easily, a phenomenon called hyperalgesia. Similarly, observing a conspecific being in fear will transfer and induce fear reactions in the observer. Using these primitive forms of empathy-like behaviors in mice, Smith et al. demonstrate that social transfer of pain relied on a neural pathway from the ACC to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the observer mouse. However, this pathway was not required for the social transfer of fear, which involved a separate pathway from the ACC to the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Notably, the authors also found that a positive affective state, the relief from pain, could be socially transmitted. Observer mice who were in pain themselves exhibited lessened pain responses when they had a chance to observe other mice that had undergone pain-relief treatment with morphine. A deeper understanding of how and why analgesia can be transmitted socially may well have important future implications for pain management in humans. The authors report that the same neuronal pathway from the ACC to the NAc is involved in both the socially mediated positive and negative modulation of subjective pain. How does this single neuronal pathway drive socially transferred analgesia and hyperalgesia at the same time? Perhaps different cell types are targeted in the NAc, which affect distinct downstream brain regions. Understanding this will be an important matter for future studies. Disentangling the circuits for social transmission more generally for positive versus negative affective states may improve our understanding of social and emotion disorders in humans. The findings of Smith et al. also raise the question of whether the ACC-to-BLA fear projection might be involved not only in the social transfer of fear but also in the “relief from fear.” It has already been shown that mice are able to reduce their fear behavior in the presence of a nonfearful partner ([ 6 ][7], [ 15 ][11]). However, the neuronal basis of this social buffering of fear remains elusive. The ACC-to-BLA projection may be a promising candidate for this phenomenon. One of the most accepted theories for the neuronal mechanisms of empathy is the “perception-action model” (PAM) ([ 4 ][4], [ 5 ][5]). According to this view, attending to another's affective state is assumed to activate the observer's own neuronal representation and associated feelings of the same state. Smith et al. could show that a socially shared emotion causes a generalized pain state in the observer. Both hyperalgesia and analgesia modulated different forms of pain sensitivity and affected the entire body of the observer mouse, suggesting that the observer mouse may truly experience a generalized change of internal state. Indeed, studies in monkeys and rodents have demonstrated the existence of “mirror neurons” in the ACC. These are single nerve cells that are activated both when an individual observes a sensory experience or motor action, or experiences or performs the same condition itself. Pain-sensitive mirror neurons have recently been reported in the ACC of rats ([ 12 ][12]). It will be important to investigate whether it is the activity in mirror neurons or other neuronal mechanisms that account for the social modulation of pain. 1. [↵][13]1. J. Decety, 2. J. M. Cowell , AJOB Neurosci. 6, 3 (2015). [OpenUrl][14] 2. [↵][15]1. C. Chen, 2. R. M. Martínez, 3. Y. Cheng , Front. Psychol. 9, 2584 (2018). [OpenUrl][16] 3. [↵][17]1. M. L. Smith, 2. N. Asada, 3. R. C. Malenka , Science 371, 153 (2021). [OpenUrl][18][Abstract/FREE Full Text][19] 4. [↵][20]1. F. B. M. de Waal, 2. S. D. Preston , Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 498 (2017). [OpenUrl][21][CrossRef][22][PubMed][23] 5. [↵][24]1. F. B. M. de Waal , Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59, 279 (2008). [OpenUrl][25][CrossRef][26][PubMed][27][Web of Science][28] 6. [↵][29]1. K. Z. Meyza et al ., Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 76 (part B), 216 (2017). [OpenUrl][30][CrossRef][31][PubMed][32] 7. 1. I. Ben-Ami Bartal, 2. J. Decety, 3. P. Mason , Science 334, 1427 (2011). [OpenUrl][33][Abstract/FREE Full Text][34] 8. [↵][35]1. J. P. Burkett et al ., Science 351, 375 (2016). [OpenUrl][36][Abstract/FREE Full Text][37] 9. [↵][38]1. B. Wicker et al ., Neuron 40, 655 (2003). [OpenUrl][39][CrossRef][40][PubMed][41][Web of Science][42] 10. 1. C. Corradi-Dell'Acqua, 2. A. Tusche, 3. P. Vuilleumier, 4. T. Singer , Nat. Commun. 7, 10904 (2016). [OpenUrl][43][CrossRef][44][PubMed][45] 11. 1. B. C. Bernhard, 2. T. Singer , Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 35, 1 (2012). [OpenUrl][46][CrossRef][47][PubMed][48][Web of Science][49] 12. [↵][50]1. M. Carrillo et al ., Curr. Biol. 29, 1301 (2019). [OpenUrl][51] 13. 1. S. A. Allsop et al ., Cell 173, 1329 (2018). [OpenUrl][52][CrossRef][53][PubMed][54] 14. [↵][55]1. A. Kim, 2. S. Keum, 3. H. S. Shin , Genes Brain Behav. 18, e12521 (2019). [OpenUrl][56] 15. [↵][57]1. Y. F. Guzmán et al ., Behav. Brain Res. 201, 173 (2009). [OpenUrl][58][CrossRef][59][PubMed][60][Web of Science][61] Acknowledgments: We thank the Gogolla laboratory for their support and enthusiasm, the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ERC-2017-STG, grant 758448 to N.G.), and the L'Agence Nationale de la Recherche–Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ANR-DFG) project “SAFENET” (ANR-17 CE37-0021) for financial support. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #ref-4 [5]: #ref-5 [6]: pending:yes [7]: #ref-6 [8]: #ref-8 [9]: #ref-9 [10]: #ref-14 [11]: #ref-15 [12]: #ref-12 [13]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [14]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAJOB%2BNeurosci.%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.spage%253D3%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [15]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [16]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFront.%2BPsychol.%26rft.volume%253D9%26rft.spage%253D2584%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [17]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [18]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DSmith%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BL.%26rft.volume%253D371%26rft.issue%253D6525%26rft.spage%253D153%26rft.epage%253D159%26rft.atitle%253DAnterior%2Bcingulate%2Binputs%2Bto%2Bnucleus%2Baccumbens%2Bcontrol%2Bthe%2Bsocial%2Btransfer%2Bof%2Bpain%2Band%2Banalgesia%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.abe3040%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [19]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzNzEvNjUyNS8xNTMiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL3NjaS8zNzEvNjUyNS8xMjIuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9 [20]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [21]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat.%2BRev.%2BNeurosci.%26rft.volume%253D18%26rft.spage%253D498%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fnrn.2017.72%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F28655877%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [22]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/nrn.2017.72&link_type=DOI [23]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=28655877&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F371%2F6525%2F122.atom [24]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text" [25]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnual%2Breview%2Bof%2Bpsychology%26rft.stitle%253DAnnu%2BRev%2BPsychol%26rft.aulast%253Dde%2BWaal%26rft.auinit1%253DF.%2BB.%26rft.volume%253D59%26rft.spage%253D279%26rft.epage%253D300%26rft.atitle%253DPutting%2Bthe%2Baltruism%2Bback%2Binto%2Baltruism%253A%2Bthe%2Bevolution%2Bof%2Bempathy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1146%252Fannurev.psych.59.103006.093625%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F17550343%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [26]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625&link_type=DOI [27]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=17550343&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F371%2F6525%2F122.atom [28]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000253283000011&link_type=ISI [29]: #xref-ref-6-1 "View reference 6 in text" [30]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNeurosci.%2BBiobehav.%2BRev.%26rft.volume%253D76%26rft.spage%253D216%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.neubiorev.2016.10.028%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F27825924%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [31]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.028&link_type=DOI [32]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=27825924&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F371%2F6525%2F122.atom [33]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DBartal%26rft.auinit1%253DI.%2BB.-A.%26rft.volume%253D334%26rft.issue%253D6061%26rft.spage%253D1427%26rft.epage%253D1430%26rft.atitle%253DEmpathy%2Band%2BPro-Social%2BBehavior%2Bin%2BRats%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1210789%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22158823%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [34]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIzMzQvNjA2MS8xNDI3IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9zY2kvMzcxLzY1MjUvMTIyLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ== [35]: #xref-ref-8-1 "View reference 8 in text" [36]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DBurkett%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%2BP.%26rft.volume%253D351%26rft.issue%253D6271%26rft.spage%253D375%26rft.epage%253D378%26rft.atitle%253DOxytocin-dependent%2Bconsolation%2Bbehavior%2Bin%2Brodents%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.aac4785%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26798013%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [37]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzNTEvNjI3MS8zNzUiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMjoiL3NjaS8zNzEvNjUyNS8xMjIuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9 [38]: #xref-ref-9-1 "View reference 9 in text" [39]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNeuron%26rft.stitle%253DNeuron%26rft.aulast%253DWicker%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%26rft.volume%253D40%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D655%26rft.epage%253D664%26rft.atitle%253DBoth%2Bof%2Bus%2Bdisgusted%2Bin%2BMy%2Binsula%253A%2Bthe%2Bcommon%2Bneural%2Bbasis%2Bof%2Bseeing%2Band%2Bfeeling%2Bdisgust.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0896-6273%252803%252900679-2%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F14642287%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [40]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2&link_type=DOI [41]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=14642287&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F371%2F6525%2F122.atom [42]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000186379000022&link_type=ISI [43]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNat.%2BCommun.%26rft.volume%253D7%26rft.spage%253D10904%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252Fncomms10904%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26988654%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [44]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/ncomms10904&link_type=DOI [45]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=26988654&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F371%2F6525%2F122.atom [46]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnual%2Breview%2Bof%2Bneuroscience%26rft.stitle%253DAnnu%2BRev%2BNeurosci%26rft.aulast%253DBernhardt%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%2BC.%26rft.volume%253D35%26rft.spage%253D1%26rft.epage%253D23%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2Bneural%2Bbasis%2Bof%2Bempathy.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1146%252Fannurev-neuro-062111-150536%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22715878%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [47]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150536&link_type=DOI [48]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22715878&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F371%2F6525%2F122.atom [49]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000307960400002&link_type=ISI [50]: #xref-ref-12-1 "View reference 12 in text" [51]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCurr.%2BBiol.%26rft.volume%253D29%26rft.spage%253D1301%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [52]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.volume%253D173%26rft.spage%253D1329%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2018.04.004%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F29731170%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [53]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.004&link_type=DOI [54]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=29731170&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F371%2F6525%2F122.atom [55]: #xref-ref-14-1 "View reference 14 in text" [56]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenes%2BBrain%2BBehav.%26rft.volume%253D18%26rft.spage%253De12521%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [57]: #xref-ref-15-1 "View reference 15 in text" [58]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBehavioural%2Bbrain%2Bresearch%26rft.stitle%253DBehav%2BBrain%2BRes%26rft.aulast%253DGuzman%26rft.auinit1%253DY.%2BF.%26rft.volume%253D201%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D173%26rft.epage%253D178%26rft.atitle%253DSocial%2Bmodeling%2Bof%2Bconditioned%2Bfear%2Bin%2Bmice%2Bby%2Bnon-fearful%2Bconspecifics.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.bbr.2009.02.024%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19428631%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [59]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.bbr.2009.02.024&link_type=DOI [60]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=19428631&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F371%2F6525%2F122.atom [61]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000266231800023&link_type=ISI
领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计	被引频次：3[WOS] [WOS记录] [WOS相关记录]
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/310434
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Alexandra S. Klein,Nadine Gogolla. How mice feel each other's pain or fear[J]. Science,2021.
APA	Alexandra S. Klein,&Nadine Gogolla.(2021).How mice feel each other's pain or fear.Science.
MLA	Alexandra S. Klein,et al."How mice feel each other's pain or fear".Science (2021).