Global S&T Development Trend Analysis Platform of Resources and Environment
DOI | 10.5194/acp-18-4153-2018 |
Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production | |
Simmonds, Peter G.1; 39;Doherty, Simon2 | |
2018-03-26 | |
发表期刊 | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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ISSN | 1680-7316 |
EISSN | 1680-7324 |
出版年 | 2018 |
卷号 | 18期号:6页码:4153-4169 |
文章类型 | Article |
语种 | 英语 |
国家 | England; Switzerland; USA; Australia |
英文摘要 | High frequency measurements of trifluoromethane (HFC-23, CHF3), a potent hydrofluorocarbon greenhouse gas, largely emitted to the atmosphere as a by-product of the production of the hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-22 (CHClF2), at five core stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, combined with measurements on firn air, old Northern Hemisphere air samples and Cape Grim Air Archive (CGAA) air samples, are used to explore the current and historic changes in the atmospheric abundance of HFC-23. These measurements are used in combination with the AGAGE 2-D atmospheric 12-box model and a Bayesian inversion methodology to determine model atmospheric mole fractions and the history of global HFC-23 emissions. The global modelled annual mole fraction of HFC-23 in the background atmosphere was 28.9 +/- 0.6 pmol mol(-1) at the end of 2016, representing a 28% increase from 22.6 +/- 0.4 pmol mol(-1) in 2009. Over the same time frame, the modelled mole fraction of HCFC-22 increased by 19% from 199 +/- 2 to 237 +/- 2 pmol mol(-1). However, unlike HFC-23, the annual average HCFC-22 growth rate slowed from 2009 to 2016 at an annual average rate of -0.5 pmol mol(-1) yr(-2). This slowing atmospheric growth is consistent with HCFC-22 moving from dispersive (high fractional emissions) to feedstock (low fractional emissions) uses, with HFC-23 emissions remaining as a consequence of incomplete mitigation from all HCFC-22 production. Our results demonstrate that, following a minimum in HFC-23 global emissions in 2009 of 9.6 +/- 0.6, emissions increased to a maximum in 2014 of 14.5 +/- 0.6 Gg yr(-1) and then declined to 12.7 +/- 0.6 Gg yr(-1) (157 MtCO(2) eq.yr(-1)) in 2016. The 2009 emissions minimum is consistent with estimates based on national reports and is likely a response to the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to mitigate HFC-23 emissions by incineration in developing (non-Annex 1) countries under the Kyoto Protocol. Our derived cumulative emissions of HFC-23 during 20102016 were 89 +/- 2 Gg (1.1 +/- 0.2 GtCO(2) eq.), which led to an increase in radiative forcing of 1.0 +/- 0.1mWm(-2) over the same period. Although the CDM had reduced global HFC-23 emissions, it cannot now offset the higher emissions from increasing HCFC-22 production in non-Annex 1 countries, as the CDM was closed to new entrants in 2009. We also find that the cumulative European HFC-23 emissions from 2010 to 2016 were similar to 1.3 Gg, corresponding to just 1.5% of cumulative global HFC-23 emissions over this same period. The majority of the increase in global HFC-23 emissions since 2010 is attributed to a delay in the adoption of mitigation technologies, predominantly in China and East Asia. However, a reduction in emissions is anticipated, when the Kigali 2016 amendment to the Montreal Protocol, requiring HCFC and HFC production facilities to introduce destruction of HFC-23, is fully implemented. |
领域 | 地球科学 |
收录类别 | SCI-E |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000428375100003 |
WOS关键词 | IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS ; GLOBAL EMISSIONS ; EAST-ASIA ; TRENDS ; AIR ; FIRN ; PERFLUOROCARBONS ; HFCS ; HALOCARBONS ; HISTORIES |
WOS类目 | Environmental Sciences ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
WOS研究方向 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/30773 |
专题 | 地球科学 |
作者单位 | 1.Univ Bristol, Atmospher Chem Res Grp, Bristol, Avon, England; 2.Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Lab Air Pollut & Environm Technol Empa, Dubendorf, Switzerland; 3.Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA; 4.Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England; 5.CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Climate Sci Ctr, Aspendale, Vic, Australia; 6.Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA; 7.MIT, Ctr Global Change Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Simmonds, Peter G.,39;Doherty, Simon. Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production[J]. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,2018,18(6):4153-4169. |
APA | Simmonds, Peter G.,&39;Doherty, Simon.(2018).Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production.ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,18(6),4153-4169. |
MLA | Simmonds, Peter G.,et al."Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production".ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 18.6(2018):4153-4169. |
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