Global S&T Development Trend Analysis Platform of Resources and Environment
DOI | 10.5194/acp-18-979-2018 |
Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), Sigma CFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5) | |
Vollmer, Martin K.1; 39;Doherty, Simon2 | |
2018-01-25 | |
发表期刊 | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS |
ISSN | 1680-7316 |
EISSN | 1680-7324 |
出版年 | 2018 |
卷号 | 18期号:2页码:979-1002 |
文章类型 | Article |
语种 | 英语 |
国家 | Switzerland; England; Australia; USA; South Korea; Peoples R China; Norway; Italy |
英文摘要 | Based on observations of the chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (chlorotrifluoromethane), Sigma CFC-114 (combined measurement of both isomers of dichlorotetrafluoroethane), and CFC-115 (chloropentafluoroethane) in atmospheric and firn samples, we reconstruct records of their tropospheric histories spanning nearly 8 decades. These compounds were measured in polar firn air samples, in ambient air archived in canisters, and in situ at the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) network and affiliated sites. Global emissions to the atmosphere are derived from these observations using an inversion based on a 12-box atmospheric transport model. For CFC-13, we provide the first comprehensive global analysis. This compound increased monotonically from its first appearance in the atmosphere in the late 1950s to a mean global abundance of 3.18 ppt (dry-air mole fraction in parts per trillion, pmol mol(-1)) in 2016. Its growth rate has decreased since the mid-1980s but has remained at a surprisingly high mean level of 0.02 ppt yr(-1) since 2000, resulting in a continuing growth of CFC-13 in the atmosphere. Sigma CFC-114 increased from its appearance in the 1950s to a maximum of 16.6 ppt in the early 2000s and has since slightly declined to 16.3 ppt in 2016. CFC-115 increased monotonically from its first appearance in the 1960s and reached a global mean mole fraction of 8.49 ppt in 2016. Growth rates of all three compounds over the past years are significantly larger than would be expected from zero emissions. Under the assumption of unchanging lifetimes and atmospheric transport patterns, we derive global emissions from our measurements, which have remained unexpectedly high in recent years: mean yearly emissions for the last decade (2007-2016) of CFC-13 are at 0.48 +/- 0.15 kt yr(-1) (> 15% of past peak emissions), of 6 CFC-114 at 1.90 +/- 0.84 kt yr(-1) (similar to 10% of peak emissions), and of CFC-115 at 0.80 +/- 0.50 kt yr(-1) (> 5% of peak emissions). Mean yearly emissions of CFC-115 for 2015-2016 are 1.14 +/- 0.50 kt yr(-1) and have doubled compared to the 2007-2010 minimum. We find CFC-13 emissions from aluminum smelters but if extrapolated to global emissions, they cannot account for the lingering global emissions determined from the atmospheric observations. We find impurities of CFC-115 in the refrigerant HFC-125 (CHF2CF3) but if extrapolated to global emissions, they can neither account for the lingering global CFC-115 emissions determined from the atmospheric observations nor for their recent increases. We also conduct regional inversions for the years 2012-2016 for the northeastern Asian area using observations from the Korean AGAGE site at Gosan and find significant emissions for Sigma CFC-114 and CFC-115, suggesting that a large fraction of their global emissions currently occur in northeastern Asia and more specifically on the Chinese mainland. |
领域 | 地球科学 |
收录类别 | SCI-E |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000423349900004 |
WOS关键词 | OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES ; INFRARED-ABSORPTION SPECTRA ; GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS ; PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL ; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS ; 1ST OBSERVATIONS ; AIR ARCHIVE ; TRENDS ; HALOCARBONS ; LIFETIMES |
WOS类目 | Environmental Sciences ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
WOS研究方向 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/30702 |
专题 | 地球科学 |
作者单位 | 1.Empa, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Lab Air Pollut & Environm Technol, Uberlandstr 129, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; 2.Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Atmospher Chem Res Grp, Bristol, Avon, England; 3.CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Climate Sci Ctr, Aspendale, Vic, Australia; 4.Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA; 5.Kyungpook Natl Univ, Kyungpook Inst Oceanog, Daegu, South Korea; 6.Fed Inst Metrol, METAS, Lindenweg 50, Bern, Switzerland; 7.NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA; 8.Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA; 9.CMA, MOC, Beijing, Peoples R China; 10.Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway; 11.Univ Urbino, Dept Pure & Appl Sci, Urbino, Italy; 12.Italian Natl Res Council, Inst Atmospher Sci & Climate, Bologna, Italy; 13.KIOST, Korea Polar Res Inst, Incheon, South Korea; 14.Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA; 15.MIT, Ctr Global Change Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA; 16.Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, CMA, Beijing, Peoples R China |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Vollmer, Martin K.,39;Doherty, Simon. Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), Sigma CFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5)[J]. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,2018,18(2):979-1002. |
APA | Vollmer, Martin K.,&39;Doherty, Simon.(2018).Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), Sigma CFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5).ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,18(2),979-1002. |
MLA | Vollmer, Martin K.,et al."Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), Sigma CFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5)".ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 18.2(2018):979-1002. |
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