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Nitrogen (N) cycle processes in terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to temperature and soil moisture variations. Thus, future climate change may affect the degree to which N deposited from the atmosphere will be retained in forest ecosystems. We evaluated the effect of future changes in climate and N deposition on ecosystem N cycling using the model LandscapeDNDC forced with historical data from eight long-term forest ecosystem monitoring stations in Austria and downscaled future N deposition and climate scenarios. With every 1 A degrees C of warming, annual N uptake in biomass increased by +0.03 to +0.54 kg N ha(-1), total soil organic matter (SOM) increased annually by +0.003 to +0.08 kg N ha(-1), and mean annual N leaching was between -0.09 and -2.03 kg N ha(-1) lower. The magnitude of N deposition in the years from 1990 to 2010 was by far the most important determinant of the response of nitrogen cycling to future warming, including statistically significant relationships with humus N content and N leaching. We conclude that climate change will likely increase ecosystem N retention in temperate forest ecosystems, and even more so at forest sites with high past N deposition.