Results of the study indicate that ASF’s direct costs on the PRC—which produces about half of the world’s pigs—and neighboring countries could be as much as $130 billion. Much of the burden is falling disproportionately on smallholders, threatening increases in poverty, vulnerability, and food insecurity. ASF has driven up the prices of pork and other food supplies, and it also has had substantial effects on human health, trade, climate change resilience, and local environments.