North African forests falling to charcoal

doi:10.1126/science.abe2315

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abe2315
	North African forests falling to charcoal
	Rassim Khelifa
	2020-08-28
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2020
英文摘要	In North Africa, illegal man-made fires are on the rise ([ 1 ][1]), driven in large part by a growing demand for charcoal ([ 2 ][2]), which is produced by burning wood in underground pits. In the past, local people collected dead wood on a small scale, and larger operations were regulated by the government ([ 3 ][3]). However, as the demand for charcoal and the price for which it sells have increased ([ 2 ][2]), illegal efforts to produce it have multiplied ([ 4 ][4]). North African countries must address the resulting fires to protect forest ecosystems, which play an important role in the welfare of both urban and rural people and harbor unique and sensitive biodiversity ([ 5 ][5]). The religious feast of the sacrifice (Eid al-Adha)—an important celebration in the Islamic religion during which a sheep is sacrificed—increases the demand for charcoal, which is required for traditional meat grilling ([ 6 ][6]). This year in Algeria, the number of fires peaked on 27 July (4 days before Eid al-Adha) with 66 simultaneous fires in 20 provinces ([ 7 ][7]). The next few years could bring substantial environmental damage because Eid al-Adha will take place during the summer, when forest fires peak and become difficult to contain ([ 8 ][8]). The business model for producing charcoal is ominous for the health of North Africa's forests because the revenue from the charcoal sold increases with the size of the exploited area. The fires are likely to deteriorate the soil, intensify desertification, and exacerbate climate change ([ 9 ][9]). A Mediterranean forest requires several decades to recover and reach its equilibrium ([ 10 ][10]). Climate change has already increased the total area burned by wildfire in the region ([ 11 ][11]), and the increased anthropogenic disturbance related to charcoal production could threaten the resilience of the environment, the economy, and human well-being ([ 12 ][12]). Local authorities should increase enforcement to curtail illegal charcoal production, which often takes place at night and across wide geographic areas ([ 2 ][2]). Educating the public about the value of these forests and facilitating collaborations between scientists, the government, and rural and urban residents would also be effective strategies. If residents were motivated to report fires and other environmental crimes, authorities could take prompt action for the benefit of the environment. 1. [↵][13]1. O. Meddour-Sahar et al ., Méditerranée 121, 33 (2013). [OpenUrl][14] 2. [↵][15]1. H. Faouzi , Les Cahiers d'Outre-Mer 262, 155 (2013). [OpenUrl][16] 3. [↵][17]1. L. Auclair, 2. M. R. Saïdi , Forêt Méditerranéenne 23, 133 (2002) [in French]. [OpenUrl][18] 4. [↵][19]1. H. Hadri, 2. M. Guellouz , Forests and Rangelands in the Near East Region: Facts and Figures (FAO Office for the Near East, Cairo, 2011); [www.fao.org/3/a-i12557e.pdf][20]. 5. [↵][21]1. L. Croitoru , For. Pol. Econ. 9, 536 (2007). [OpenUrl][22] 6. [↵][23]1. M. Gagaoua, 2. H.-R. Boudechicha , J. Ethnic Foods 5, 83 (2018). [OpenUrl][24] 7. [↵][25]“Incendies en Algérie: Plus de 8.000 hectares brûlés, le président ordonne une enquête,” Le Figaro (2020) [in French]. 8. [↵][26]1. O. Meddour-Sahar, 2. R. Meddour, 3. V. Leone, 4. R. Lovreglio, 5. A. Derridj , iForest-Biogeosci. Forestry 6, 247 (2013). [OpenUrl][27] 9. [↵][28]1. R. Alkama, 2. A. Cescatti , Science 351, 600 (2016). [OpenUrl][29][Abstract/FREE Full Text][30] 10. [↵][31]1. A. Rodrigo, 2. J. Retana, 3. F. X. Picó , Ecology 85, 716 (2004). [OpenUrl][32][CrossRef][33][Web of Science][34] 11. [↵][35]1. C. Giannakopoulos et al ., Glob. Planet. Change 68, 209 (2009). [OpenUrl][36] 12. [↵][37]1. D. M. Bowman et al ., Science 324, 481 (2009). [OpenUrl][38][Abstract/FREE Full Text][39] [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #ref-4 [5]: #ref-5 [6]: #ref-6 [7]: #ref-7 [8]: #ref-8 [9]: #ref-9 [10]: #ref-10 [11]: #ref-11 [12]: #ref-12 [13]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [14]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DM%25E9diterran%25E9e%26rft.volume%253D121%26rft.spage%253D33%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [15]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [16]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLes%2BCahiers%2Bd%2527Outre-Mer%26rft.volume%253D262%26rft.spage%253D155%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [17]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [18]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFor%25EAt%2BM%25E9diterran%25E9enne%26rft.volume%253D23%26rft.spage%253D133%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [19]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [20]: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i12557e.pdf [21]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text" [22]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFor.%2BPol.%2BEcon.%26rft.volume%253D9%26rft.spage%253D536%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [23]: #xref-ref-6-1 "View reference 6 in text" [24]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ.%2BEthnic%2BFoods%26rft.volume%253D5%26rft.spage%253D83%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [25]: #xref-ref-7-1 "View reference 7 in text" [26]: #xref-ref-8-1 "View reference 8 in text" [27]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DiForest-Biogeosci.%2BForestry%26rft.volume%253D6%26rft.spage%253D247%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [28]: #xref-ref-9-1 "View reference 9 in text" [29]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DAlkama%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%26rft.volume%253D351%26rft.issue%253D6273%26rft.spage%253D600%26rft.epage%253D604%26rft.atitle%253DBiophysical%2Bclimate%2Bimpacts%2Bof%2Brecent%2Bchanges%2Bin%2Bglobal%2Bforest%2Bcover%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.aac8083%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26912702%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [30]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzNTEvNjI3My82MDAiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyNToiL3NjaS8zNjkvNjUwNy8xMDY1LjIuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9 [31]: #xref-ref-10-1 "View reference 10 in text" [32]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEcology%26rft.volume%253D85%26rft.spage%253D716%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1890%252F02-0492%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [33]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1890/02-0492&link_type=DOI [34]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000220392900015&link_type=ISI [35]: #xref-ref-11-1 "View reference 11 in text" [36]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGlob.%2BPlanet.%2BChange%26rft.volume%253D68%26rft.spage%253D209%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [37]: #xref-ref-12-1 "View reference 12 in text" [38]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DBowman%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BM.%2BJ.%2BS.%26rft.volume%253D324%26rft.issue%253D5926%26rft.spage%253D481%26rft.epage%253D484%26rft.atitle%253DFire%2Bin%2Bthe%2BEarth%2BSystem%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1163886%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19390038%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [39]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzMjQvNTkyNi80ODEiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyNToiL3NjaS8zNjkvNjUwNy8xMDY1LjIuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9
领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/293205
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Rassim Khelifa. North African forests falling to charcoal[J]. Science,2020.
APA	Rassim Khelifa.(2020).North African forests falling to charcoal.Science.
MLA	Rassim Khelifa."North African forests falling to charcoal".Science (2020).