Smoke pollution's impacts in Amazonia

doi:10.1126/science.abd5942

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abd5942
	Smoke pollution's impacts in Amazonia
	Gabriel de Oliveira; Jing M. Chen; Scott C. Stark; Erika Berenguer; Paulo Moutinho; Paulo Artaxo; Liana O. Anderson; Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
	2020-08-07
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2020
英文摘要	The combination of increasing Amazon deforestation and the specter of drought now threatens widespread fire and respiratory health risks that could worsen the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, endangering all Amazonians, but particularly vulnerable traditional and rural peoples ([ 1 ][1], [ 2 ][2]). Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon between January and June (3070 km2) was 25% higher than it was during the same period in 2019 (2446 km2) and 46% higher than the 4-year average of January through June from 2016 to 2019 (2108 km2) ([ 3 ][3]). Within Indigenous lands, which make up 23% of the Brazilian Amazon ([ 4 ][4]), deforestation quadrupled in the past 4 years (from 105 km2 in 2016 to 497 km2 in 2019) ([ 5 ][5]). Fire is intrinsic to the deforestation process—forest is left to dry after cutting and then burned to prepare for agriculture. The majority of deforested land in 2020, and 45% of the trees cut in 2019, has remained unburned ([ 4 ][4]). Between July and December this year, under dry conditions, most of this land will be set ablaze ([ 6 ][6]). Current indices predict a severe western Amazon drought in mid- to late 2020 ([ 2 ][2]). In drought years, deforestation fires often escape into surrounding forest understories. The smoke arising in large quantities from both deforestation and understory fires is extremely toxic, causing shortness of breath, coughing, and lung damage. Fires in the Amazon are responsible for 80% of increases in fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) regionally, affecting 24 million Amazonians ([ 7 ][7]). The likely relationship between air pollutants linked to fire, such as PM2.5, and COVID-19 infection ([ 8 ][8], [ 9 ][9]) suggests that fire could aggravate the current COVID-19 crisis in Amazonia, where infection rates are already high (1 in 100 in June) ([ 10 ][10]). Indigenous peoples are at particular risk, given that they are currently suffering COVID-19 mortality rates that are 1.5 times the Brazil-wide average ([ 11 ][11]). To avoid a combination of smoke and COVID-19 that could be catastrophic, Brazil must repeat in 2020 its past successes as an international leader curbing deforestation and fire ([ 12 ][12]). A moratorium on deforestation and associated burning in at-risk areas and strong enforcement from current infrastructure are urgently needed. 1. [↵][13]1. J. Barlow, 2. E. Berenguer, 3. R. Carmenta, 4. F. França , Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 319 (2020). [OpenUrl][14] 2. [↵][15]1. L. E. O. C. Aragão, 2. C. H. L. Silva Junior, 3. L. O. Anderson , “Brazil's challenge to restrain deforestation and fires in the Amazon during COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: Environmental, social implications and their governance” (Tech. Rep. National Institute for Space Research, 2020). 3. [↵][16]TerraBrasilis, DETER (Notices), Analyses—Legal Amazon (2020); . To find total deforestation, select “Civil Year” above the “Monthly variation of DETER project area” line graph, then select the green box below the graph for each month to include. Scroll down to the “Areas by Years” bar graph to see the totals for those months in each year. 4. [↵][17]1. W. S. Walker , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 10.1073/pnas.1913321117 (2020). 5. [↵][18]TerraBrasilis, PRODES (Deforestation), Analyses—Legal Amazon, (2020); . At the top, select “Indigenous Areas.” Total deforestation by year can be found in the “Deforestation increments—Legal Amazon—Indigenous Areas” bar graph. 6. [↵][19]1. P. Moutinho et al ., “The Amazon in flames: Deforestation and fire during the COVID-19 pandemic” (Tech. Rep. Amazon Environmental Research Institute, 2020). 7. [↵][20]1. C. L. Reddington et al ., Nat. Geosci. 8, 768 (2015). [OpenUrl][21] 8. [↵][22]1. Z. Yongjian, 2. X. Jingu, 3. H. Fengming, 4. C. Liqing , Sci. Total Environ. 727, 138704 (2020). [OpenUrl][23] 9. [↵][24]1. D. Fattorini, 2. F. Regoli , Environ. Pollut. 264, 114732 (2020). [OpenUrl][25] 10. [↵][26]Ministry of Health of Brazil, “Coronavírus Brasil” (2020); [in Portuguese]. 11. [↵][27]1. M. Fellows et al ., “They are not numbers: They are lives! COVID-19 threatens Indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Amazon” (Tech. Rep. Amazon Environmental Research Institute, 2020). 12. [↵][28]1. P. Brando et al ., Flora 268, 1 (2020). 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/287972
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Gabriel de Oliveira,Jing M. Chen,Scott C. Stark,et al. Smoke pollution's impacts in Amazonia[J]. Science,2020.
APA	Gabriel de Oliveira.,Jing M. Chen.,Scott C. Stark.,Erika Berenguer.,Paulo Moutinho.,...&Luiz E. O. C. Aragão.(2020).Smoke pollution's impacts in Amazonia.Science.
MLA	Gabriel de Oliveira,et al."Smoke pollution's impacts in Amazonia".Science (2020).