Extinct-in-the-wild species' last stand

doi:10.1126/science.abd4560

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abd4560
	Extinct-in-the-wild species' last stand
	Amanda Trask; Stefano Canessa; Axel Moehrenschlager; Scott Newland; Suzanne Medina; John Ewen
	2020-07-31
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2020
英文摘要	The lockdowns and closures enacted in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have led to massive income losses for zoos, aquariums, and botanical gardens worldwide ([ 1 ][1]–[ 4 ][2]). Insufficient funding could affect the ability of these institutions to support wildlife conservation, which could lead to extinctions. There are currently at least 77 species of plants and animals that are extinct in the wild and exist only in zoological and botanical collections, where they rely on human care for survival ([ 5 ][3]). Most extinct-in-the-wild species exist in small, closed populations, vulnerable to stochastic demographic processes and genetic threats associated with inbreeding ([ 6 ][4], [ 7 ][5]). For example, the sihek ( Todiramphus cinnamominus ), a kingfisher endemic to Guam, was extirpated by 1988 as a result of predation by introduced brown tree snakes ( Boiga irregularis ) ([ 8 ][6]). Only 29 individuals were rescued, and they have subsequently been managed in Association of Zoos and Aquariums institutions across the United States, in addition to a facility on Guam ([ 9 ][7]). However, because not all of the captured birds bred successfully, the current sihek population of fewer than 140 individuals descends from only 16 genetic founders. It also suffers sex-ratio imbalances. The population therefore remains at risk, and further declines through loss of zoological institution support would hamper recovery efforts ([ 10 ][8]). Ideally, extinct-in-the-wild populations can increase in captivity to the point that it is safe to release them back into their natural habitat. The successful reintroduction of the ko'ko' (Guam rail, Hypotaenidia owstoni ) onto a small island near Guam has been heralded as a major conservation success. In 2019, the ko'ko' was reclassified from extinct in the wild to critically endangered ([ 11 ][9]). Such successes depend on full support for the zoos, aquariums, and gardens that struggle to maintain these collections. Further population declines will jeopardize recovery and increase extinction risks. We call for urgent funding to ensure that breeding, propagation, and holding facilities have the resources to care for extinct-in-the-wild species during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. 1. [↵][10]Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), “COVID-19 update: Taking action in unprecedented times” (2020). 2. British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums, “Permanent closure during coronavirus” (2020). 3. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, “Zoo and aquarium emergency operating funds” (2020). 4. [↵][11]French Association of Zoological Parks, “The Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) calls for support for zoos weakened by health crisis” (2020); [www.zoonaute.net/2020/06/17/commissioniucnzoo/][12] [in French]. 5. [↵][13]The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Search results for Global, Extinct in the Wild, Species (2020); [www.iucnredlist.org/search?redListCategory=ew][14]. 6. [↵][15]1. B. A. Melbourne, 2. A. Hastings , Nature 454, 100 (2008). [OpenUrl][16][CrossRef][17][PubMed][18][Web of Science][19] 7. [↵][20]1. P. Hedrick, 2. A. Garcia-Dorado , Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 940 (2016). [OpenUrl][21] 8. [↵][22]1. J. A. Savidge , Ecology 68, 660 (1987). [OpenUrl][23][CrossRef][24][Web of Science][25] 9. [↵][26]1. S. M. Haig, 2. J. D. Ballou, 3. N. J. Casna , J. Hered. 86, 423 (1995). [OpenUrl][27][Web of Science][28] 10. [↵][29]1. S. Newland, 2. K. Hundgen, 3. G. Ferrie , “Guam kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamominus) AZA Species Survival Plan® Yellow Program” (2020). 11. [↵][30]BirdLife International, Hypotaenidia owstoni (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2019). A.T. is funded by the Guam Department of Agriculture and a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Section 6 grant (award numbers F16AF01007 and F18AF01285) to facilitate a conservation translocation plan for the Guam kingfisher. A.M. is a research associate for the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at Oxford University. 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领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/286849
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Amanda Trask,Stefano Canessa,Axel Moehrenschlager,et al. Extinct-in-the-wild species' last stand[J]. Science,2020.
APA	Amanda Trask,Stefano Canessa,Axel Moehrenschlager,Scott Newland,Suzanne Medina,&John Ewen.(2020).Extinct-in-the-wild species' last stand.Science.
MLA	Amanda Trask,et al."Extinct-in-the-wild species' last stand".Science (2020).