Uphold the nuclear weapons test moratorium

doi:10.1126/science.abd3313

GSTDTAP > 气候变化

DOI	10.1126/science.abd3313
	Uphold the nuclear weapons test moratorium
	Jonathan King; Martin Chalfie; Noam Chomsky; Joseph Cirincione; Sean Decatur; Melissa Franklin; Joseph Gerson; David P. Goldenberg; Gary Goldstein; William Hartung; Ira Helfand; Daniel Holz; Peter C. Kahn; Sheldon Krimsky; Edward Loechler; Val Moghadam; Stuart A. Newman; David Ozonoff; Prasannan Parthasarathi; William Phillips; H. David Politzer; Robert P. Redwine; Richard J. Roberts; Alan Robock; Catherine Ann Royer; Suzanne Scarlata; Elaine Scarry; George F. Smoot; Robert Socolow; Susan Solomon; Andrew Strominger; Eric J. Sundberg; Mriganka Sur; Max Tegmark; John F. Tierney; Cornelia van der Ziel; Michael VanElzakker; Frank N. von Hippel; Lawrence Wittner; Henry H. Wortis
	2020-07-17
发表期刊	Science
出版年	2020
英文摘要	The Trump administration is considering renewing nuclear weapons testing ( [1][1] ), a move that could increase the risk of another nuclear arms race as well as an inadvertent or intentional nuclear war. Following in the long tradition of scientists opposing nuclear weapons due to their harmful effects on both humanity and the planet ([2][2]), we ask the U.S. government to desist from plans to conduct nuclear tests. During the Cold War, the United States conducted 1030 nuclear weapons tests, more than all other nuclear-armed nations combined ( [3][3] ). In 1996, the United States signed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), agreeing not to conduct a nuclear weapons test of any yield ( [4][4] ). The United States has not yet ratified the CTBT but did spearhead the 2016 adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2310, which calls upon all countries to uphold the object and purpose of the CTBT by not conducting nuclear tests ( [5][5] ). Eight of the nine nuclear-armed states, including the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, have observed a moratorium on nuclear testing since 1998 ( [3][3] , [4][4] ). The ninth, North Korea, responding to international pressure, stopped testing warhead detonations (as opposed to missile flights) in 2017 ( [6][6] ). If the United States ratified the CTBT, joining the 168 countries who have already done so ( [4][4] ), there is a good chance that the other holdout countries would ratify the treaty as well ( [7][7] ). In contrast, restarting U.S. nuclear weapons tests of any size, underground or aboveground, would give license to other countries, such as North Korea, India, and Pakistan, to resume testing. If the tests are underground, radioactive materials could leak into the local environment, including water supplies ( [8][8] ); if in the atmosphere, which is currently prohibited by the 1963 Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ( [9][9] ), such tests would spread radioactivity, sometimes very widely ( [8][8] ). Once the United States breaches the treaty, there will be no way to prevent other nations from carrying out tests of larger warheads or to control leaks into the environment and atmosphere. Even a “limited” nuclear exchange between nuclear-armed nations can cause untold local death and destruction, as well as global climate and agricultural catastrophes stemming from the climate impacts of smoke from fires ignited by nuclear weapons ( [10][10] ). The current U.S. arsenal includes thousands of warheads, together capable of obliterating every major city in any country on Earth. Yet the United States has embarked on a $1.7 trillion nuclear weapons enhancement program ( [11][11] ), of which the proposed testing would be one small—but dangerous—component. All nations, including the United States, should continue to reduce the number of nuclear warheads in the world's arsenals, not increase their efficacy or develop more lethal versions. Senator Edward Markey and Senate colleagues recently announced the Preserving Leadership Against Nuclear Explosives Testing (PLANET) Act, which would deny funding for and thereby prevent the renewal of testing ( [12][12] ). We urge the Senate to pass this bill and to ratify the CTBT immediately. Author affiliations [www.sciencemag.org/content/369/6501/262.2/suppl/DC1][13] 1. [↵][14]1. J. Hudson, 2. P. Sonne , “Trump administration discussed conducting first U.S. nuclear test in decades,” The Washington Post (2020). 2. [↵][15]1. J. C. Jolly , Endeavor 26, 149 (2002). [OpenUrl][16] 3. [↵][17]Arms Control Association, The Nuclear Testing Tally (2019); [www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/nucleartesttally][18]. 4. [↵][19]Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) (2020); [www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/comprehensive-nuclear-test-ban-treaty-ctbt/][20]. 5. [↵][21]Arms Control Association, UN Security Council Backs CTBT (2016); [www.armscontrol.org/ACT/2016_10/News/UN-Security-Council-Backs-CTBT][22]. 6. [↵][23]Arms Control Association, Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy (2020); [www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/dprkchron][24]. 7. [↵][25]1. D. Choubey , “The CTBT's importance for U.S. national security” (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009). 8. [↵][26]Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization, General Overview of the Effects of Nuclear Testing ([www.ctbto.org/nuclear-testing/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing/general-overview-of-theeffects-of-nuclear-testing//][27]). 9. [↵][28]John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ([www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/nuclear-test-ban-treaty][29]). 10. [↵][30]1. A. Witze , Nature 579, 485 (2020). [OpenUrl][31] 11. [↵][32]Arms Control Association, U.S. Nuclear Modernization Programs (2018); [www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/USNuclearModernization][33]. 12. [↵][34]1. Ed Markey , U.S. Senator for Massachusetts, “Senator Markey, Senate colleagues announce legislation to prohibit restart of U.S. nuclear weapons testing” (2020). D.H., R.S., and S. Solomon are members (in an unpaid advisory capacity) of the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. J.F.T. is affiliated with the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #ref-4 [5]: #ref-5 [6]: #ref-6 [7]: #ref-7 [8]: #ref-8 [9]: #ref-9 [10]: #ref-10 [11]: #ref-11 [12]: #ref-12 [13]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/369/6501/262.2/suppl/DC1 [14]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [15]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [16]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEndeavor%26rft.volume%253D26%26rft.spage%253D149%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [17]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [18]: http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/nucleartesttally [19]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [20]: http://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/comprehensive-nuclear-test-ban-treaty-ctbt/ [21]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text" [22]: http://www.armscontrol.org/ACT/2016_10/News/UN-Security-Council-Backs-CTBT [23]: #xref-ref-6-1 "View reference 6 in text" [24]: http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/dprkchron [25]: #xref-ref-7-1 "View reference 7 in text" [26]: #xref-ref-8-1 "View reference 8 in text" [27]: http://www.ctbto.org/nuclear-testing/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing/general-overview-of-theeffects-of-nuclear-testing/ [28]: #xref-ref-9-1 "View reference 9 in text" [29]: http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/nuclear-test-ban-treaty [30]: #xref-ref-10-1 "View reference 10 in text" [31]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D579%26rft.spage%253D485%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [32]: #xref-ref-11-1 "View reference 11 in text" [33]: http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/USNuclearModernization [34]: #xref-ref-12-1 "View reference 12 in text"
领域	气候变化 ; 资源环境
URL	查看原文
引用统计
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/284331
专题	气候变化资源环境科学
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Jonathan King,Martin Chalfie,Noam Chomsky,et al. Uphold the nuclear weapons test moratorium[J]. Science,2020.
APA	Jonathan King.,Martin Chalfie.,Noam Chomsky.,Joseph Cirincione.,Sean Decatur.,...&Henry H. Wortis.(2020).Uphold the nuclear weapons test moratorium.Science.
MLA	Jonathan King,et al."Uphold the nuclear weapons test moratorium".Science (2020).