| 英文摘要 | After failing to achieve the 2020 Aichi biodiversity targets, governing bodies are preparing targets for the future. In doing so, they must acknowledge that effective policies address not only the quantity of protected areas but also the quality of protection and the management of the surrounding matrix. The European Union's Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 ([ 1 ][1]), launched in May, is an opportunity to enact successful conservation. The Biodiversity Strategy commits to protecting the European Union's remaining forests and restoring forest ecosystem resilience. However, the plans for implementing these goals are misguided.
The EU Strategy commits to “strictly protecting…primary and old-growth forests.” Known primary forests represent 0.7% of Europe's forest area, of which only 46% are strictly protected ([ 2 ][2]). Strictly protecting the remaining forests is the right strategy, given that forest management seriously threatens remaining primeval and old forests in Europe, including the Białowieża Forest, Carpathian forests, and Scandinavian Mountains Green Belt ([ 3 ][3], [ 4 ][4]). However, the EU Strategy overlooks the need for spatial coherence. Tiny protected patches of forest will be of little relevance if intensive forestry prevails in the surrounding matrix. An ecosystem-based approach to forest management must complement protection efforts.
The EU Strategy also commits to restoring forest ecosystems but only offers planting more than 3 billion trees as a concrete action. Planting trees in forest habitats may have detrimental effects ([ 5 ][5], [ 6 ][6]). The EU Strategy doesn't specify what kinds of trees should be planted, a necessary detail given that the forestry sector in most countries increasingly undermines ecosystem functionality by introducing exotic species believed to be better adapted to future climates ([ 7 ][7]).
Instead of planting trees, conservationists should focus on reducing the rate of forest degradation (namely, tree harvesting) and supporting natural renewal processes. The EU Strategy does not consider natural restoration of spontaneously regenerating forests, the surface of which has decreased 7% worldwide over the past 30 years ([ 8 ][8]). Simply allowing the forests to naturally regrow often results in more trees at much lower costs than planting ([ 6 ][6]). The EU Strategy should advocate a hands-off strategy for safeguarding ecosystemic responses to degradation and environmental change. Policies should support the natural recruitment and selection for trees with greater resistance to insect attacks or extreme events ([ 9 ][9]) and biomass-rich forests with closed canopies ([ 10 ][10]), and they should prevent road construction through valuable forest patches ([ 11 ][11]). Actions aimed at promoting the adaptation of forests to global change and increasing their resilience should be based on all available ecological science and require a more complex view than a simplistic planting strategy. The EU Forest Strategy planned for 2021 should focus on developing a holistic approach with a clearly defined timetable of actions.
1. [↵][12]European Commission, “EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030,” (2020); .
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7. [↵][26]1. F. Krumm,
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8. [↵][27]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and UN Environment Programme, The State of the World's Forests: Forests, Biodiversity and People (FAO and UNEP, 2020).
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