Global S&T Development Trend Analysis Platform of Resources and Environment
DOI | 10.1002/2016WR019702 |
Measuring household consumption and waste in unmetered, intermittent piped water systems | |
Kumpel, Emily1,2; Woelfle-Erskine, Cleo3; Ray, Isha3; Nelson, Kara L.1 | |
2017 | |
发表期刊 | WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH |
ISSN | 0043-1397 |
EISSN | 1944-7973 |
出版年 | 2017 |
卷号 | 53期号:1 |
文章类型 | Article |
语种 | 英语 |
国家 | USA; Kenya |
英文摘要 | Measurements of household water consumption are extremely difficult in intermittent water supply (IWS) regimes in low- and middle-income countries, where water is delivered for short durations, taps are shared, metering is limited, and household storage infrastructure varies widely. Nonetheless, consumption estimates are necessary for utilities to improve water delivery. We estimated household water use in Hubli-Dharwad, India, with a mixed-methods approach combining (limited) metered data, storage container inventories, and structured observations. We developed a typology of household water access according to infrastructure conditions based on the presence of an overhead storage tank and a shared tap. For households with overhead tanks, container measurements and metered data produced statistically similar consumption volumes; for households without overhead tanks, stored volumes underestimated consumption because of significant water use directly from the tap during delivery periods. Households that shared taps consumed much less water than those that did not. We used our water use calculations to estimate waste at the household level and in the distribution system. Very few households used 135 L/person/d, the Government of India design standard for urban systems. Most wasted little water even when unmetered, however, unaccounted-for water in the neighborhood distribution systems was around 50%. Thus, conservation efforts should target loss reduction in the network rather than at households. |
英文关键词 | per capita water use water consumption water loss water quantity |
领域 | 资源环境 |
收录类别 | SCI-E |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000394911200018 |
WOS关键词 | QUALITY ; LOSSES ; INDIA ; NEEDS |
WOS类目 | Environmental Sciences ; Limnology ; Water Resources |
WOS研究方向 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Marine & Freshwater Biology ; Water Resources |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/21435 |
专题 | 资源环境科学 |
作者单位 | 1.Univ Calif Berkeley, Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA; 2.Aquaya Inst, Nairobi, Kenya; 3.Univ Calif Berkeley, Energy & Resources Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Kumpel, Emily,Woelfle-Erskine, Cleo,Ray, Isha,et al. Measuring household consumption and waste in unmetered, intermittent piped water systems[J]. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,2017,53(1). |
APA | Kumpel, Emily,Woelfle-Erskine, Cleo,Ray, Isha,&Nelson, Kara L..(2017).Measuring household consumption and waste in unmetered, intermittent piped water systems.WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,53(1). |
MLA | Kumpel, Emily,et al."Measuring household consumption and waste in unmetered, intermittent piped water systems".WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 53.1(2017). |
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