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DOI | 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0033.1 |
Evaluation of the Assumptions in the Steady-State Tropical Cyclone Self-Stratified Outflow Using Three-Dimensional Convection-Allowing Simulations | |
Tao, Dandan1,2,3; Emanuel, Kerry4; Zhang, Fuqing1,2; Rotunno, Richard5; Bell, Michael M.3; Nystrom, Robert G.1,2 | |
2019-09-01 | |
发表期刊 | JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES |
ISSN | 0022-4928 |
EISSN | 1520-0469 |
出版年 | 2019 |
卷号 | 76期号:9页码:2995-3009 |
文章类型 | Article |
语种 | 英语 |
国家 | USA |
英文摘要 | The criteria and assumptions that were used to derive the steady-state tropical cyclone intensity and structure theory of Emanuel and Rotunno are assessed using three-dimensional convection-allowing simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. One real-data case of Hurricane Patricia (2015) and two idealized simulations with and without vertical wind shear are examined. In all three simulations, the gradient wind balance is valid in the inner-core region above the boundary layer. The angular momentum M and saturation entropy surfaces s* near the top of the boundary layer, in the outflow region and along the angular momentum surface that passes the low-level radius of maximum wind M-RMW are nearly congruent, satisfying the criterion of slantwise moist neutrality in the vicinity of M-RMW. The theoretically derived maximum wind magnitude above the boundary layer compares well with the simulated maximum tangential wind and gradient wind using the azimuthally averaged pressure field during the intensification and quasi-steady state of the simulated storms. The Richardson number analysis of the simulated storms shows that small Richardson number (0 < Ri <= 1) exists in the outflow region, related to both large local shear and small static stability. This criticality of the Richardson number indicates the existence of small-scale turbulence in the outflow region. We also show that the stratification of temperature along the M surfaces at the outflow region for steady-state hurricanes is approximately applicable in these three-dimensional simulations, while the radial distribution of gradient wind is qualitatively comparable to the theoretical radial profiles. Some caveats regarding the theory are also discussed. |
英文关键词 | Hurricanes |
领域 | 地球科学 |
收录类别 | SCI-E |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000485964700002 |
WOS关键词 | LOW RICHARDSON-NUMBER ; ASSIMILATION ; SENSITIVITY ; INTENSITY ; EVOLUTION |
WOS类目 | Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
WOS研究方向 | Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/186808 |
专题 | 地球科学 |
作者单位 | 1.Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol & Atmospher Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA; 2.Penn State Univ, Ctr Adv Data Assimilat & Predictabil Tech, University Pk, PA 16802 USA; 3.Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA; 4.MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA; 5.Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Tao, Dandan,Emanuel, Kerry,Zhang, Fuqing,et al. Evaluation of the Assumptions in the Steady-State Tropical Cyclone Self-Stratified Outflow Using Three-Dimensional Convection-Allowing Simulations[J]. JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES,2019,76(9):2995-3009. |
APA | Tao, Dandan,Emanuel, Kerry,Zhang, Fuqing,Rotunno, Richard,Bell, Michael M.,&Nystrom, Robert G..(2019).Evaluation of the Assumptions in the Steady-State Tropical Cyclone Self-Stratified Outflow Using Three-Dimensional Convection-Allowing Simulations.JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES,76(9),2995-3009. |
MLA | Tao, Dandan,et al."Evaluation of the Assumptions in the Steady-State Tropical Cyclone Self-Stratified Outflow Using Three-Dimensional Convection-Allowing Simulations".JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 76.9(2019):2995-3009. |
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