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DOI | 10.1029/2018WR024422 |
Defensive Investment in Municipal Water Hardness Reduction | |
Farah, Naima; Torell, Gregory L. | |
2019-06-01 | |
发表期刊 | WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH |
ISSN | 0043-1397 |
EISSN | 1944-7973 |
出版年 | 2019 |
卷号 | 55期号:6页码:4886-4900 |
文章类型 | Article |
语种 | 英语 |
国家 | USA |
英文摘要 | Household willingness to pay (WTP) for reductions in water hardness was estimated using a defensive investment framework. Using total dissolved solids data observed in municipal water supplies in combination with product-by-store level point-of-sale scanner data on consumable water softening product sales, we reveal preference estimates of WTP for water hardness reduction and quality control. Using instrumental variable regressions, we show that household marginal WTP increases as the observed total dissolved solids in municipal water increases. Estimations show that on average a household is willing to pay approximately $12 annually to reduce municipal water hardness, which is around 4% of the average annual water utility bill in the United States. Aggregated county WTP estimates vary geographically. Households have a nonnegligible WTP for water hardness reduction, which has important policy implications for optimal water hardness management by municipal water authorities and those policies aimed to target salinity management within surface and subsurface water supplies. Particularly, this paper informs municipal water managers of the demand side of water hardness issues and that desalination can be a solution to solve water hardness issues in some areas but not everywhere. |
英文关键词 | Water economics desalination willingness to pay estimation defensive investment |
领域 | 资源环境 |
收录类别 | SCI-E |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000477616900022 |
WOS类目 | Environmental Sciences ; Limnology ; Water Resources |
WOS研究方向 | Environmental Sciences & Ecology ; Marine & Freshwater Biology ; Water Resources |
引用统计 | |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.173/C666/handle/2XK7JSWQ/183976 |
专题 | 资源环境科学 |
作者单位 | Texas A&M AgriLife Res Ctr El Paso, El Paso, TX 79927 USA |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Farah, Naima,Torell, Gregory L.. Defensive Investment in Municipal Water Hardness Reduction[J]. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,2019,55(6):4886-4900. |
APA | Farah, Naima,&Torell, Gregory L..(2019).Defensive Investment in Municipal Water Hardness Reduction.WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,55(6),4886-4900. |
MLA | Farah, Naima,et al."Defensive Investment in Municipal Water Hardness Reduction".WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 55.6(2019):4886-4900. |
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