IMAGE: These are Caenorhabditis elegans adults and larvae. view more
Credit: Boyce Thompson Institute
Every day, people are exposed to myriad chemicals, both natural and synthetic. Some of these compounds may affect human physical development, but testing them directly on people would be grossly unethical.
To get around this dilemma, researchers from Boyce Thompson Institute used Caenorhabditis elegans, a soil roundworm, to show that tiny amounts of natural compounds can dramatically influence time to sexual maturity and lifespan.
As described in the August issue of Nature Chemical Biology, researchers from BTI Professor Frank Schroeder's lab and Ilya Ruvinsky's lab at Northwestern University discovered that a compound excreted by male worms - and to a lesser extent by their hermaphrodite counterparts - speeds egg-laying and hastens the death of the hermaphrodites.
While the discovery was made in C. elegans, humans and other animals make similar compounds and possess similar molecular pathways. "That means that in humans, too, tiny amounts of small molecules from the environment, produced by microbes in our bodies, or taken up as a side effect of social interactions could affect the timing of puberty and pace of our decline," said Schroeder.
The work was initiated by Andreas Ludewig, a research associate in the Schroeder lab, who had previously found that a high population density of worms accelerated development and reduced lifespan of hermaphrodites. In parallel, Ruvinsky's group had found that males caused a similar effect.
The two groups joined forces and discovered the compound responsible, an N-acylated glutamine called nacq#1.
The researchers found extremely low concentrations of nacq#1, down to 10 picomolar, shortened the amount of time needed for worms to reach sexual maturity. As a result of earlier maturity, the worms laid 30% more eggs on the first day of egg laying, which, under some environmental conditions, can be a significant advantage for a species with a lifecycle of only about two weeks.
Additionally, nacq#1 triggered hibernating C. elegans to "wake up", and thus might also act as a signal that the environment has sufficient resources for the worms to grow and reproduce.
Notably, nacq#1 also significantly reduced worm lifespans by about one-sixth (13.6 vs. 16.3 days).
"The results suggest a tradeoff between the animals' investment into reproductive success at the expense of longevity, a relationship that is fine-tuned by small molecules in response to changes in the environment," said Schroeder.
The researchers further determined that C. elegans detect nacq#1 with their chemosensory organs, which are analogous to a nose or taste buds, and then the compound turns on a molecular signaling pathway that triggers hormone receptors on the surface of cells' nuclear membranes.
"Nuclear hormone receptors regulate the expression of genes," said Ludewig. "This particular subfamily of receptors has been highly conserved throughout evolutionary history, and include receptors in humans like the vitamin D receptor and the liver X receptor that coordinate vertebrate development."
Additionally, the structure of nacq#1 is similar to numerous compounds that exist in many animals, including a compound in human sweat.
Because nacq#1 and its related nuclear receptors are so similar between C. elegans and humans, miniscule amounts of small molecules could similarly impact human development and lifespan.
"Over the past 150 years, people have been entering puberty earlier and earlier," said Ludewig. "No one knows the reason for this trend, but it is likely caused by environmental stimuli."
The researchers' next steps will be to identify the remaining parts of the molecular pathway that connects sensory perception of nacq#1 and nuclear hormone receptors, identify the genes that nacq#1 perception turns on and off, and examine the role of similar molecules in other species.
In addition to his position at BTI, Schroeder is a Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Cornell University.
The research was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants R01GM113692, R01GM088290, T32GM008500 and R01GM126125, and by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants IOS-1708518 and IOS-1755244.
CITATION: Ludewig, A.H., Artyukhin, A.B., Aprison, E.Z., Rodrigues, P.R., Pulido, D.C., Burkhardt, R.N., Panda, O., Zhang, Y.K., Gudibanda, P., Ruvinsky, I. and Schroeder, F.C., 2019. An excreted small molecule promotes C. elegans reproductive development and aging. Nature chemical biology, 15(8), pp.838-845.
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