From food and biofuels to cosmetics and detergents, palm oil is found in countless products these days. Demand for the oil has surged in the last decade—global usage went from 37 million metric tons in 2006 to 64.2 million in 2016—in part because it is cheap and, for a time, enjoyed a good-for-you reputation.
But what sounds good for us isn't good for the forests where oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) are harvested. According to a Purdue University study, deforestation is rising in major oil palm-producing countries. And it's happening even faster in areas certified as "sustainable."
"Oil palms are grown in some of the most sensitive and ecologically important forests in the world. Protecting them is important," said Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, research associate at the Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Lab of the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources at Purdue University. "But we've seen that even when operations are certified as sustainable, there is still significant forest loss. It seems that there is no way to sustainably produce palm oil to meet today's global demand."
Gatti and colleagues from Purdue and Russia's Tomsk State University published their findings in the journal Science of the Total Environment.
The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), formed by retailers, banks, investors and environmental advocates in 2004, and the Palm Oil Innovation Group, a similar organization founded in 2013, developed guidelines that allow for sale of palm oil as sustainable. That label means ensuring that forest conservation value is assessed and steering clear of high-carbon stock areas.
Those efforts, according to Gatti's research, are not effective. In areas where certified sustainable palm oil is being harvested, deforestation is rapidly increasing.
Based on records from governmental departments and non-governmental organizations, as well as satellite data from 2001-2016, Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea have lost about 31 million hectares of forest cover. That's about 11 percent of their total land cover.
Since 2007, the forest loss has been about 41,000 hectares per year. In areas where sustainable practices are required, more than 38 percent of the land has been deforested. That compares with 34 percent where there is no sustainability requirement.
"If you need to produce palm oil, you need to remove forest," Gatti said. "That's what we're seeing."
That removal often consists of slashing and burning, which pollutes the environment and can negatively affect human health. It also emits greenhouse gases.
Deforestation also threatens habitats for many plants and animals, in particular, for the three remaining species of orangutan on the planet.
Gatti said that while palm oil is cheap and requires less land to produce than many alternatives, the negatives are impossible to ignore.
"We should be conscious of our use of products with palm oil and consider alternatives such as rapeseed, canola, flaxseed and sunflower," Gatti said. "We lived for many centuries without palm oil. We can certainly do it again."
Explore further:
Protecting biodiversity in palm oil
More information:
Roberto Cazzolla Gatti et al. Sustainable palm oil may not be so sustainable, Science of The Total Environment (2018). DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.222
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