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A team led by Elizabeth MacDonald, a space physicist at NASA, has used information from ESA’s Swarm magnetic field satellites, to publish a paper in Science Advances that goes some way in unveiling the mystery of Steve.

Auroras form when our magnetic field guides energy and atomic particles in the solar wind around Earth and towards the north and south poles. When these particles collide with atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere, the familiar waves of luminous green light of the aurora borealis and aurora australis appear in the night sky.

The study highlights that while Steve can appear at the same time as an aurora, it is a very different beast.

Auroras are usually greens, blues and reds and can last hours. Steve is a purple streak and remains in the sky for a relatively short time.

While Steve is created through the same general process as a normal aurora, it travels along different magnetic field lines and therefore can appear at much lower latitudes where the alignment of the global electric and magnetic fields makes ions and electrons flow rapidly in the east–west direction, heating them in the process.

Swarm’s measurements show that, indeed, Steve comprises a fast-moving stream of extremely hot atomic particles called a sub-auroral ion drift.

Interestingly, scientists have known about this drift for decades, but were unaware that there is a visual effect.

Elizabeth said, “Steve can help us understand how the chemical and physical processes in our upper atmosphere can sometimes have local noticeable effects in lower parts of the atmosphere.

“This provides good insight on how Earth’s system works as a whole.”

As for the name Steve, which was given by citizen scientists – well, it’s here to stay and in true scientist fashion an acronym has been assigned: Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement.

Rune Floberghagen, ESA’s Swarm mission manager, said, “Although Steve is now being studied by some of the best scientists in the field of space weather, it remains an excellent example of citizen science – without which it could have gone unnoticed.

“The Swarm mission has again helped to further our knowledge of how the Sun and Earth are connected.”